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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Use new slides (completely new, not washed) when making an cytological sample.
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Use new slides (completely new, not washed) when making an cytological sample.
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Order of stains (based on color) that the Dif-Quik system is based on.
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Purple --> Red --> Blue
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Are neutrophils generally seen in normal tissue?
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No
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What is a non-degenerate neutrophil?
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Has normal morphologic appearance
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What are degenerate neutrophils?
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Ones with nuclear changes within the neutrophil
- Ragged nuclear membrane, nuclear lysis (karyolysis), swollen nucleus, loss of segmentation - Not synonymous with toxic change. |
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What do degenerate neutrophils indicate?
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Sepsis
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What is an idiopathic disorder of eosinophils in dogs?
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Eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy
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5 causes of an eosinophilia
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- Parasites
- Hypersensitivity - Fungal infections - Neoplasia - Idiopathic causes |
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What are macrophages AKA?
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Histiocytes
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Are macrophages found in normal tissue?
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Yes, in small numbers
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Are eosinophils found in normal tissue?
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Not really; very rare
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What does an increased number of macrophages indicate?
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Chronicity of disease
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3 causes of macrophages in the tissues
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- Fungal or protozoal infections
- Foreign body within tissues - Bacterial infections |
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Are epithelioid macrophages present in normal tissue?
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No
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What do epithelioid macrophages do and what are they associated with?
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Produce cytokines for other inflammatory cell recruitment
- Antigen presentation |
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Are giant cells present in normal tissue?
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Nope
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What are giant cells a hallmark for? (2)
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- Granulomatous inflammation
- Pyogranulomatous inflammation |
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Are mast cells present in normal tissue?
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No
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What are mast cells the tissue equivalent of?
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Basophils
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2 causes of mast cells in tissues
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- Hypersensitivity reactions
- Mast cell tumors |
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Are lymphocytes seen in normal tissue?
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Yah, sometimes.
- Especially in lymphoid tissue aspirates |
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3 causes of increased lymphocytes in cytology samples
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- Viral infections
- Infectious and non-infectious etiologies - Lymphoma |
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What are plasma cells a subcategory of?
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Lymphocytes
- Differentiated B-lymphocytes |
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2 causes of increased plasma cells in tissue
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- Plasma cell tumors
- Chronic AG stimulation |
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What are cytological classifications of inflammation based on?
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Exclusively on inflammatory cells present
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Two modifiers of naming inflammation in cytological samples
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- Sepsis if bacteria are present
- Mycotic if fungi are present |
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Percentage of neutrophils in an inflammatory sample
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85%
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Percentage of eosinophils in an inflammatory sample
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10%
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At what point is an inflammatory process labeled eosinophilic?
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If >50% of cells are eosinophilic
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Predominant cell type in a Mixed classification of inflammation
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None, just a mixture of cells
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What does a mixed cell inflammatory response indicate?
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Chronicity
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Hallmark feature of a pyogranulomatous inflammation
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Giant cells
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What are pyogranulomatous inflammations generally associated with? (2)
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- Fungi
- Foreign bodies |
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3 main cell types present in pyogranulomatous inflammations
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- Neutrophils
- Macrophages - Giant cells |
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What differentiates a pyogranulomatous inflammation from a granulomatous inflammation?
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Pyogranulomatous has neutrophils; granulomatous inflammation has no neutrophils
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2 hallmark cells of chronic inflammation
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- Fibrocytes
- Fibroblasts |
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What do fibroblasts produce?
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Collagen
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What is fibrosis easiest to ascertain on?
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Histopathology
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What's found in a lymphocytic inflammation?
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Lymphocytes
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What's found in a lymphoplasmacytic inflammation? (2)
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- Lymphocytes
- Plasma cells |
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Are RBCs present in cytological samples?
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They can be
- Have to differentiate hemorrhage and blood contamination |
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4 things that indicate an in vivo hemorrhage
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- Erythrophagocytosis
- Hemosiderophages - Hemosiderin pigments - Hematoidin crystals |
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How quickly do erythrophagocytes show up after hemorrhage?
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4 - 6 hours
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How quickly do hemosiderophages show up after hemorrhage?
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24 - 48 hours
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What does hematoidin indicate?
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Chronic Hgb breakdown
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