Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
182 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
6 general causes of diarrhea
|
- Infectious
- Hepatobiliary disorders - Exocrine pancreatic disease - Renal disease - Endocrine disorders - Miscellaneous |
|
|
3 non-infectious differentials for diarrhea in cats
|
- IBD
- Food reactions - EPI |
|
|
3 diagnostic methods for diarrhea in cats
|
- Fecal
- IFA - PCR |
|
|
Gram staining of Clostridium perfringens
|
G+
|
|
|
Which diarrheal agent in cats is spore forming?
|
Clostridium perfringens
|
|
|
Morphology of Clostridium perfringens
|
Rod-shaped bacillus
|
|
|
Source of Clostridium perfringens
|
Normal GI inhabitant
|
|
|
Pathogenesis of Clostridium perfringens (4 steps)
|
Enterotoxin --> interaction with receptors --> membrane permeability altered --> inflammation and diarrhea
|
|
|
What test should a PCR positive sample for enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens be followed up with?
|
ELISA
|
|
|
Gram staining of Campylobacter spp.
|
G-
|
|
|
Morphology of Campylobacter spp.
|
Curved rods
- 'Seagull wings' |
|
|
What bacteria appears as 'seagull wings'?
|
Campylobacter spp.
|
|
|
Which Campylobacter species is most often associated with humans?
|
Campylobacter jejuni
|
|
|
Source of Campylobacter jejuni
|
Undercooked poultry
|
|
|
What makes Campylobacter spp. so problematic?
|
Low infectious threshold
|
|
|
CS of Campylobacter spp.
|
- Acute watery diarrhea
- Abdominal pain |
|
|
Three post-infectious complications of Campylobacter spp.
|
- Guillian-Barre syndrome (temporary paralysis; 0.001%)
- IBD - IBS |
|
|
Transmission of Campylobacter spp. in dogs and cats
|
Contact with infected birds
|
|
|
Season that Campylobacter spp. is most common in
|
Summer
|
|
|
Age that Campylobacter spp. is most common in
|
< 6 months
|
|
|
4 risk factors of Campylobacter spp. in dogs and cats
|
- Concurrent GI infections
- Immunosuppression - Poor hygienic conditions - AB therapy |
|
|
5 CS of Campylobacter spp. in dogs and cats
|
- Acute diarrhea with blood and mucous
- Anorexia - Fever - Vomiting - Ileitis/colitis |
|
|
3 Dx methods of Campylobacter spp.
|
- Fecal smear
- Culture - PCR |
|
|
Campylobacter species commonly found in dogs
|
C. upsaliensis
|
|
|
Campylobacter species commonly found in cats
|
C. helveticus
|
|
|
Are dogs and cats infected with Campylobacter spp. a zoonotic risk?
|
Yes, although C. jejuni is rare in dogs and cats
|
|
|
Causative agent of Gardiasis
|
Giardia duodenalis
|
|
|
Giardia duodenalis assemblage in humans
|
A
B |
|
|
Giardia duodenalis assemblage in dogs
|
C
D |
|
|
Giardia duodenalis assemblage in cats
|
F
|
|
|
Pathogenesis of Giardia duodenalis
|
Attaches to intestinal lining and prevents water and nutrient absorption by host
|
|
|
What causes nutrient malassimilation with Giardia duodenalis?
|
Trophozoites in SI lumen
|
|
|
4 reasons Giardia duodenalis causes malassimilation
|
- Microvilli damage
- Infiltration of inflammatory cells - Increased enterocyte turnover - Loss of brush border enzymes |
|
|
CS of Giardia duodenalis (3)
|
- Acute diarrhea (soft, pale, malodorous)
- Chronic diarrhea (less frequent) - Weight loss, vomiting, fever ((less frequent)) |
|
|
5 increased risk factors of Giardia duodenalis
|
- Cryptosporidium
- Tritrichomonas - Coccidia - < 6 mo. - Giardia pos cats in household |
|
|
What other organism is usually shed along with Giardia duodenalis?
|
Cryptosporidium spp.
|
|
|
Dx of Giardia duodenalis
|
IFA is most sensitive test
- Has concurrent detection of Cryptosporidium spp. |
|
|
If positive test results for Giardia duodenalis are found in a cat with diarrhea, treatment is indicated.
|
Failure to find giardia does not rule out diagnosis
|
|
|
Which Giardia duodenalis treatment drug causes CNS toxicity in kittnes?
|
Metronidazole
|
|
|
What should be the first drug used to treat Giardia duodenalis?
|
Fenbendazole
|
|
|
Prevention of Giardia duodenalis
|
Vaccination is not useful
- Natural immunity does not develop - So none other than treatment. |
|
|
Three underlying reasons why a cat or dog wouldn't respond to treatment for Giardia duodenalis
|
- Tritrichomonas
- Cryptosporidium - Re-infection |
|
|
Zoonosis status of Tritrichomonas foetus
|
Not zoonotic
|
|
|
4 predisposing conditions to infection with Tritrichomonas foetus
|
- Multiple cat households
- Catteries - Shelters - Purebred cats |
|
|
CS of Tritrichomonas foetus ifx
|
Large bowel diarrhea
- Semi-formed to cow-pie in consistency - Malodorous - May have fresh blood and mucous |
|
|
Dx of Tritrichomonas foetus (3)
|
- PCR
- Fecal smear - Pouch test |
|
|
Most sensitive test for Tritrichomonas foetus
|
PCR
|
|
|
Two reasons why treatment for Tritrichomonas foetus is important
|
- Cats remain persistently infected for years
- Cats will experience recurrent bouts of diarrhea after stress |
|
|
IC protozoan that causes diarrhea in cats
|
Cryptosporidium felis
|
|
|
Pathogenesis of Cryptosporidium felis
|
Ingestion of mature oocyst --> sporozoites invade cell membranes of epithelial cells --> villous atrophy
|
|
|
Primary lesion of Cryptosporidium felis
|
Villous atrophy
|
|
|
5 clinical signs of Cryptosporidium felis
|
- Diarrhea
- Vomiting - Abdominal pain - Nausea - Fever |
|
|
4 ways to Dx Cryptosporidium felis
|
- Fecal flotation
- Ziehl-Nielson carbol fuschin staining - ELISA - IFA |
|
|
What provides immunity to piglets?
|
- Colostrum
- Lactogenic milk from the sow that contains IgA |
|
|
When are pigs most susceptible to infection?
|
When weaned off the mother's milk
|
|
|
Two different age groups with Pig Scours
|
- Nursing piglets
- Weaned piglets |
|
|
When does E. coli affect piglets?
|
2 - 4 days
|
|
|
Most disease caused by E. coli is caused by what?
|
ETEC
|
|
|
What antigen does E. coli have that makes it problematic in piglets?
|
K88 pilus AG that binds to receptors in intestines
|
|
|
MoA of E. coli (3)
|
- Binding of bacteria to receptors creates a signaling cascade in the cell
- Leads to secretion of HCO3, albumin loss, and osmolality change - Causes a secretory diarrhea |
|
|
What kind of diarrhea does E. coli cause?
|
Secretory
|
|
|
What ultimately causes death with an E. coli infection?
|
Metabolic acidosis
|
|
|
4 ways to treat and control E. coli
|
- A basic fluid (contains HCO3)
- ABs - Colostrum - Vaccines |
|
|
How should you control E. coli in piglets?
|
Vaccinate sow and have ABs passed in colostrum
|
|
|
CS of E. coli (2)
|
- Watery or less severe diarrhea
- Distended, congested gut |
|
|
Typical age of weaning of commercial pigs
|
21 days
|
|
|
How long out can E. coli cause disease?
|
3 - 4 weeks post-weaning
|
|
|
MoA of Rotavirus
|
Affects villous tips in SI
|
|
|
How does rotavirus cause diarrhea
|
Causes maldigestion and malabsorption due to destruction of villous tips
|
|
|
What does rotavirus commonly infect?
|
Nursing piglets
|
|
|
Character of rotavirus diarrhea (2)
|
- No blood
- Brown and watery |
|
|
Morbidity and mortality of rotavirus
|
High morbidity, low mortality
|
|
|
When are piglets most often infected with Clostridium perfringens type C?
|
Less than 7 days of age
|
|
|
Why are piglets affected with Clostridium perfringens type C when they're less than 7 days of age?
|
Clostridium perfringens type C is inactivated by trypsin, and piglets don't have trypsin for the first week or so to prevent inactivation of immunoglobulins received in the colostrum
|
|
|
4 CS of Clostridium perfringens type C
|
- Necrotizing enteritis
- Secretory diarrhea - Maldigestion - Malabsorption |
|
|
Mortality of Clostridium perfringens type C
|
High
|
|
|
Which swine enteropathogen causes bloody diarrhea? (2)
|
Clostridium perfringens type C
Serpulina hyodysenteriae |
|
|
Which swine enteropathogen causes a necrotizing enteritis? (2)
|
Clostridium perfringens type C
Lawsonia intracellularis |
|
|
Onset of Clostridium perfringens type C
|
Acute and rapid
|
|
|
When does coccidia affect pigs?
|
< 3 weeks of age
|
|
|
MoA of Coccidia
|
Invades mucosa
|
|
|
Morbidity of Coccidia
|
50 - 75%
|
|
|
Which enteropathogen do recovering piglets develop an immunity to?
|
Coccidia
|
|
|
Causative agent of Swine Dysentery
|
Serpulina hyodysenteriae
|
|
|
What age group does Serpulina hyodysenteriae affect?
|
Weaned pigs
|
|
|
MoA of Serpulina hyodysenteriae
|
Colonic disease
|
|
|
What enteropathogen in swine causes 'rice water' stools?
|
Serpulina hyodysenteriae
|
|
|
5 CS of Serpulina hyodysenteriae
|
- 'Rice water stool'
- Bloody diarrhea - Weakness - Ataxia - Death |
|
|
What age group of swine does Salmonella affect?
|
Suckling pigs
Weaned pigs |
|
|
Two forms of Salmonella
|
- Septicemic
- Enteric |
|
|
Etiologic agent of the septicemic form of Salmonella
|
Salmonella cholerasuis
|
|
|
Etiologic agent of the enteric form of Salmonella
|
Salmonella typhimurium
|
|
|
4 CS of Salmonella cholerasuis
|
- Fever
- Weakness - Cutaneous erythema - Sudden death |
|
|
CS of Salmonella typhimurium (2)
|
- Diarrhea
- Fetid stools with flecks of mucosa |
|
|
What lesion might Salmonella typhimurium cause post-recovery?
|
Rectal strictures
|
|
|
Which swine enteropathogen causes rectal strictures?
|
Salmonella typhimurium
|
|
|
What age group does Lawsonia intracellularis affect?
|
Weaned pigs
|
|
|
CS of Lawsonia intracellularis (4)
|
- Necrotic enteritis
- Proliferative enteritis - Hemorrhagic proliferative enteritis - Poor doers |
|
|
Hallmark lesion of Lawsonia intracellularis
|
Ileum thickened with a possible fibronecrotic membrane
|
|
|
What does Lawsonia intracellularis infection generally follow?
|
Discontinued provision of medicated feed to swine
|
|
|
Which swine enteropathogen causes a thickened illeum with a possible fibronecrotic membrane?
|
Lawsonia intracellularis
|
|
|
What age group does Coronavirus affect in pigs?
|
- Suckling pigs
- Recently weaned pigs |
|
|
Transmission of Coronavirus to pigs (2)
|
- Shed by dogs, cats, birds
- Fomites |
|
|
What does Coronavirus cause in pigs?
|
Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)
|
|
|
What causes Transmissible gastroenteritis in pigs?
|
Coronavirus
|
|
|
MoA of Coronavirus
|
Destruction of crypts and tips of villi in SI and Li
|
|
|
What causes edema disease in weaned pigs?
|
E. coli
|
|
|
What pre-disposes weaned pigs to edema disease?
|
Stressors
- Change in ration - Weaning - Castration - Vaccination |
|
|
MoA of Edema Disease in pigs
|
Enterotoxin (verotoxin) increases vascular permeability
|
|
|
3 CS of Edema Disease in pigs
|
- Bilateral swelling of eyelids
- CNS signs - Diarrhea |
|
|
What is almost a hallmark sign of Edema Disease in pigs
|
Bilateral swelling of eyelids
|
|
|
What infectious disease accounts for 75% of the mortality in dairy calves < 3 weeks of age?
|
Acute diarrhea
|
|
|
'Big 5' causes of acute diarrhea in calves
|
- ETEC
- Rotavirus - Coronavirus - Cryptosporidium spp. - Coccidiosis (Eimeria spp.) |
|
|
What is ETEC seen most in?
|
Dairy cattle
|
|
|
When is ETEC seen the most?
|
First 5 days of life
|
|
|
Virulence factor of ETEC that allows attachment to glycoproteins on epithelial walls
|
Adhesin K99
|
|
|
Virulence factor of ETEC that causes fluid secretions
|
Enterotoxin
|
|
|
Why does ETEC only cause diarrhea for about 5 days?
|
Around the five day mark, the K99 can no longer bind, leaving the endotoxins to be dumped into the lumen and not affect the cells, so there are no secretions
|
|
|
When is Rotavirus seen in calves?
|
First 5 - 14 days
|
|
|
When is corona virus seen in calves?
|
First 7 - 14 days
|
|
|
When is Cryptosporidium spp. seen in calves
|
1 - 4 weeks
- 7 - 28 days |
|
|
When is Coccidiosis seen in calves?
|
> 3 weeks of age
|
|
|
Transmission of ETEC
|
Ingestion
|
|
|
Transmission of Rotavirus
|
Fecal-oral
|
|
|
Which acute diarrhea causing organism can be staved off with colostrum?
|
Rotavirus
- No absorption of antibodies, just binds the virus in the lumen |
|
|
Transmission of Cryptosporidium parvum (2)
|
- DC
- Ingestion |
|
|
What does Rotavirus infect?
|
Villous enterocytes
|
|
|
What does Rotavirus cause? (3)
|
Malabsorptive diarrhea
- Malabsorption due to loss of cells and surface area - Maldigestion due to osmotic diuresis - Enterocyte death |
|
|
What does Coronavirus infect?
|
- Villous epithelial cells
- Epithelial crypts |
|
|
Incubation period of Coronavirus
|
2 days
|
|
|
What does Coronavirus cause? (2)
|
- Malabsorption
- Maldigestion |
|
|
How early can Cryptosporidium parvum be shed?
|
3 days of age
|
|
|
Which organism do calves build up a resistance to subsequent infections from?
|
Cryptosporidium parvum
|
|
|
Exposure of dairy cattle to Cryptosporidium parvum
|
100%
|
|
|
Exposure of beef cattle to Cryptosporidium parvum
|
5%
|
|
|
What does Cryptosporidium parvum infect?
|
Villous tips of distal SI and LI
|
|
|
What does Cryptosporidium parvum cause? (2)
|
- Malabsorptive diarrhea
- PG-mediated diarrhea So both secretory and malabsorptive diarrhea |
|
|
Which diarrhea causing organism in calves can auto-reinfect?
|
Cryptosporidium parvum
|
|
|
3 symptoms of Coronavirus
|
- Respiratory disease
- Winter dysentery - TGE (swine) |
|
|
What is the most common C. perfringens type in calves?
|
C. perfringens Type C
|
|
|
4 organisms that cause bloody diarrhea in pigs
|
- Trichuris
- Brachyspira hyodesenteriae - Clostridium perfringens - Lawsonia intracellularis |
|
|
4 organisms that cause diarrhea in piglets up to 3 weeks of age
|
- ETEC
- Isosopora suis - Cryptosporidium spp. - Clostridium perfringens |
|
|
6 organisms that cause diarrhea in weaned pigs up to 10 weeks of age
|
- ETEC
- Coronavirus (TGEV) - Rotavirus - Salmonella - Trichuris - Brachyspira hyodesenteriae |
|
|
6 organisms that cause diarrhea in grow/finish pigs older than 10 weeks of age
|
- Coronavirus (TGEV)
- Lawsonia intracellularis - Salmonella - Trichuris - E. coli (edema disease) - Campylobacter spp. |
|
|
Two rules for sampling calves with diarrhea
|
- Sample untreated cases in first few days of diarrhea onset
- Make sure sampled calves have the clinical diarrhea that is most prevalent. |
|
|
6 diagnostic techniques for diarrheal agents in calves
|
- Culture
- Molecular diagnostics - Wet mount of feces - Fecal flotation - Serology - Histopathology |
|
|
How much colostrum should a calf consume in the first 12 hours of its life?
|
3 - 4 L
|
|
|
How many calves receive only marginal IgG levels?
|
40%
|
|
|
How many calves receive inadequate IgG levels or have complete failure of passive transfer?
|
25%
|
|
|
Increased mortality in calves that did not have adequate serum IgG levels
|
i.e. inadequate or marginal transfer of colostral immunoglobulins
|
|
|
What is the bottom line of colostrum feeding management?
|
Feed calves a high quality colostrum as soon as possible after birth
|
|
|
Main source of most pathogens to the calf
|
Dam and other anima
|
|
|
3 basic principles of prevention of diarrheal diseases in calves
|
- Ensure adequate colostral intake
- Boost specific and nonspecific immunity - Reduce possibility of introduction/spread of pathogens |
|
|
When is the risk of diarrhea the highest in calves?
|
First 2 weeks of life
|
|
|
When is the risk of respiratory disease highest in calves?
|
First 4 - 5 weeks of life
|
|
|
5 risk factors of diarrhea in calves
|
- 1st parity of dam
- Colostrum feeding only once - Poor environmental conditions - Group housing - Irregular changing of bedding |
|
|
First case of diarrhea increases risk of future diarrhea
|
First case of diarrhea increases risk of future diarrhea
|
|
|
Causative agent of canine parvo
|
Canine parvovirus 2
|
|
|
What type of virus is canine parvovirus?
|
Nonenveloped, ssDNA
|
|
|
What does canine parvovirus affect?
|
Destroys intestinal crypts
|
|
|
2 blood values changed by canine parvovirus
|
- Lymphopenia
- Neutropenia |
|
|
Age group most susceptible to canine parvovirus
|
6 weeks to 6 months
|
|
|
When are vaccines given for canine parvovirus, and why?
|
6, 9, and 12 weeks of age
- 16 weeks of age as well if in a high-risk environment To overcome maternal antibody interference |
|
|
5 clinical signs of canine parvovirus
|
- Enteritis
- Vomiting - Hemorrhagic diarrhea - Sepsis - Shock |
|
|
When do clinical signs show up with canine parvovirus?
|
3 - 14 days post infection
|
|
|
Test of choice for canine parvovirus
|
SNAP
- Tests for AG |
|
|
What is PCR used for in testing canine parvovirus?
|
Confirmation
|
|
|
Tx of canine parvovirus (3)
|
- Fluids
- Antibiotics - Sepsis control |
|
|
When is canine parvovirus shed in the feces?
|
3 - 5 days after exposure
- So starts shedding before clinical signs |
|
|
What's used to kill canine parvovirus in the environment?
|
1:30 mixture of bleach
|
|
|
6 infectious causes of diarrhea in dogs
|
- Enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium dificile - Campylobacter jejuni - Giardia - Salmonella - Canine parvovirus 2 |
|
|
What Salmonella species is most common in dogs and cats?
|
Salmonella enterica
|
|
|
2 clinical signs of Salmonella in dogs and cats
|
- Mild to severe hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
- Septicemia |
|
|
Dx of Salmonella (2)
|
- Culture
- PCR |
|
|
Two toxins produced by clinically significant strains of Clostridium dificile
|
- Toxin A (enterotoxin)
- Toxin B (cytotoxin) |
|
|
Gram stain of Clostridium dificile
|
G+
|
|
|
Which causative agent of diarrhea in dogs and cats is spore forming?
|
Clostridium dificile
|
|
|
Two predisposing factors to Clostridium dificile in hospitals
|
- Acceptance of treats
- Licking other patients |
|
|
What does Clostridium dificile most often cause?
|
A mild, self-limiting diarrhea
|
|
|
What's the worst case scenario with Clostridium dificile?
|
Fatal, acute hemorrhagic diarrheal syndrome
|
|
|
Most sensitive method to Clostridium dificile diagnosis
|
Bacterial culture with ELISA for toxins
|
|
|
What is the most important cause of hospital and antibiotic associated diarrhea in humans?
|
Clostridium dificile
|
