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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Motivated reasoning |
Biased evaluation of evidence in accordance with ones prior views and beliefs |
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Reasoning |
A thought process that yields a conclusion from premises |
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Syllogism |
A syllogism consists of 2 premises and a conclusion. Each premise specifies a relationship between 2 categories |
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Universal affirmative |
All A are B |
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Universal negativw |
No A are B |
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Particular affirmative |
Some a are b |
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Particular negauve |
Some a are not b |
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Logicism |
The belief that logical reasoning is an essential part of human nature |
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Practical syllogism |
One In which 2 premises point to a conclusion that calls for action |
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Rational reasoning |
Reasoning involving premises that express the relations between items (A is taller than B) |
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3 term series problem |
Linear syllogisms consisting of 2 comparative sentences from which a conclusion must be drawn |
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Iconic |
A characteristic of mental models according to Johnson-laird theory: the relations between the parts of the model correspond to the relations between the parts of the situation it represents |
Johnson laird |
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Emergent consequences |
A principle of Johnson laird theory: you can get more out of a mental model than you put into it |
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Parismony |
A principle of Johnson laird: people tend to construct the simplest mental model |
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Natural deduction system |
A reasoning system made up of propositions and deduction rules that are used to draw conclusions from these propositions |
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Generative oroblem |
Participants are told that the 3 numbers conform to a simple relational rule that experimenter has in mind and the task is to find that rule by generating a sequence of 3 numbers. |
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Eliminating strategy |
A strategy based on attempting to falsify your hypotheses, in order to eliminate incorrect beliefs |
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Confirmation buas |
Tendency to seek confirmatory evidence for a hypothesis |
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Selection task (wason) |
A 4 card problem based on conditional reasoning |
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Conditional reasoning |
Reasoning that uses conditional (if...then) statements |
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Truth tables |
A way of presenting the various combinations of the constituents of logical statements |
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Social contract theory |
The theory that inference procedures have evolved to deal with social contracts in which people give something up to gain something else |
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Law of large numbers |
The larger the sample, the closer a statistic will be to the true value |
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Law of averages |
A fallacy based on the assumption that events of one kind are always balanced by events of another |
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Law of averages |
A fallacy based on the assumption that events of one kind are always balanced by events of another |
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Gamblers fallacy |
The mistaken belief that an event that has not occurred on several independent trials is more likely to happen on future trials |
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Law of small numbers |
The mistaken belief that a small sample should be representative of the population from which it is drawn |
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Representativeness heuristic |
Making inferences I’m the assumption that small samples resemble one another and the population from which they are drawn |
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Hot hand belief |
The belief that a player who has just made 2 or 3 shots is in a streak and will likely make the next shot |
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Hot hand behaviour |
A bias that leads the teammates of a player o has just scored a basket to let him take the next shot |
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Adjustment and anchoring |
People’s judgements of magnitude are biased (adjusted) by the initial value to which they are exposed (anchor) |
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Availability |
The ease with which something can be brought to mind |
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Peak end rule |
Retrospective judgements of the total painful ness of an event are formed by averaging the pain experienced during the most painful moment of the event and that felt at the end of the event |
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Duration neglect |
The finding that retrospective judgements of the total painful ness of an event are unrelated to the events duration |
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Duration neglect |
The finding that retrospective judgements of the total painful ness of an event are unrelated to the events duration |
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Illusory correlation |
The mistaken belief that events go together when in fact they dont |
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Intuitive concept |
A type of concept that is easily acquired and used by almost all adults |
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Regression to the mean |
For math reasons, whenever 2 variables are not perfectly correlated, extreme values on one variable tend to be related to values on the other variable that are closer to the mean of that variable |
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Recognition heuristic |
When choosing between 2 objects, if one is recognized and the other is not then select the former |
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Ecological rationality |
A heuristic is ecologically rational if it produces useful inferences by exploiting the structure of information in the environment |
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Less is more effect |
Sometimes the person knows less is able to make a better judgement than the person who knows more but is unable to use that knowledge in the situation at hand |
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