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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Genetics |
Study of how hereditary material is transferred |
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Genome |
All genetic material in a cell |
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Semiconservative replication |
Parent strand is divided, the new strands are half new and half old |
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Transcription |
First step, genes to proteins |
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Transcription steps |
1. Rna polymerase binds to promoter and initiates DNA unraveling2. Rna polymerase assembles free ribonucleotides into chains of rna3. Rna polymerase moves down the gene adding to the rna chain that exists as a single strand4. Rna synthesis continues until rna polymerase hits a terminator5. Rho termination facilitates rna strand dissociation from the dna |
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Translation |
Rna to protein, second step |
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mRNA |
Messenger rna |
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Codon |
Groups of 3 bases, specific to an amino acid |
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Degeneracy |
Process of having multiple codons for each amino acid |
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Charged tRNA |
Transfer rna with an amino acid attached |
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Ribosome binding site |
Site where 16S rna binds to ribosome for translation |
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Peptidyl transferase |
Catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond between the amino acids |
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Initiation |
Ribosome subunits come together around mRNA |
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Elongation |
Amino acids are added to the growing polypeptide chain |
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Termination |
Ribosome-mRNA complex disassembles and releases protein |
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Genotype |
Genetic makeup of an organism |
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Phenotype |
Observable traits an organism has |
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Mutation |
Change in the genetic makeup |
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Missense mutation |
When a change in one nucleotide results in a change of 1 amino acid |
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Nonsense mutations |
Occurs when base change results in a nonsense codon which stops protein synthesis |
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Frameshift mutation |
Occurs when one nucleotide is either added or subtracted |
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Horizontal gene transfer |
Bacteria swapping genetic material between individuals independent from reproduction |
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Vertical gene transfer |
Gene transfer from parent to offspring |
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Mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer |
Transformation, conjugation, transduction |
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Griffiths experiment |
1920s, was the first to demonstrate transformation |
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Conjugation |
Ability to transfer a copy of some of its genome directly to another bacteria |
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Plasmids |
Small, self replicating circular pieces of extra-chromosomal DNA |
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Hyperthermophiles |
Extremely hot temperatures |
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Thermophiles |
Hot temperature |
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Mesophiles |
Most pathogens, flora, human temp |
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Psychotrophs |
Mostly cold, storage temp |
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Psychrophiles |
Really, really cold |
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Acidophiles |
Tolerate low pH |
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Obligate halophiles |
Require high salt to live |
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Facultative halophiles |
Do not require high salt but can survive in them, 2% |
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Chemical requirements |
Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus |
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Superoxide dismutase |
Solves the problem of superoxide radicals, creates peroxide |
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Catalase |
-2H2O2 - - > 2H2O + O2 Deals with peroxide |
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Culture media |
Allows the growth of organisms in a lab |
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Inoculation |
Introduce media to a medium |
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Inoculum |
The bacteria that is being transferred |
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Culture |
Refers to the bacteria after is starts growing |
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Complex media |
We do not know everything that's in it or how much |
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Agar |
Common solid media |
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Reduced media |
Media which has no oxygen |
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Incubator |
Oven like creations that maintain temperature, CO2, hydrogen and moisture levels |
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Anaerobic jar |
Small vessels which we can add CO2 to remove oxygen |
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Pure culture |
To study one bacteria at a time, selective, differential and enrichment |
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Selective media |
Encourages growth of target organism |
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Differential media |
Allows one microbe to be differentiated from others |
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Enrichment media |
Helps grow target organism |
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Lag phase |
First inoculation, gearing up for rapid growth |
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Log phase |
Cells are actively dividing in exponential format |
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Stationary phase |
Nutrients run out, waste builds up, pH change, cells die and growth becomes 0 |
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Death phase |
Nutrients decrease, toxicity increases, death overtakes growth |
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Pour plating |
Where a sample is combined with molten agar and poured into a plate |
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Spread plating |
Sample of bacteria are spead over the top of a solidified agar |
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Snap freezing |
Culture is combined with antifreeze and rapidly frozen and maintained at extremely low temperatures |
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Lyophilization |
Freeze drying, no cryoprotectant, vacuum is applied, can be stored at room temp for centuries |
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EPS |
Slimy layer of DNA, proteins, and polysaccharides that provides protection |
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Biofilms |
Complex microbial communities |
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Obligatory intracellular parasite |
Absolutely require living host cells in order to multiply |
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Capsid |
Made up of capsomeres, for protection |
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Viral envelope |
Stolen nuclear membrane wrapped around virus |
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Spike protein |
Protrusion that tells the virus what to infect |
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Bacteriophage |
Bacterial viruses that have complex structures |
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Host range |
What organisms a virus can infect |
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Tissue tropism |
Select infection of a few cells or tissues |
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Lytic |
Ends with lysis and death of host cell |
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Lysogenic |
Host cell can remain alive if the virus incorporates its DNA as a prohage into the DNA of the host |
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Plaque |
The area of lysis |
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Bacteriophage therapy |
Deliberate application of phages to kill bacteria in infected tissue to attack viruses |
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Restriction enzyme |
Protein that recognizes a specific nucleotide and cuts the DNA there |
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Cytopathic effects |
Visible changes in the host cell of a virus |
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Cancer |
Unregulated cellular division |
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Oncogene |
Gene who's product is involved in the transforming of cells, controls division |
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Oncogenic virus |
Virus that has the oncogene in its DNA and spreads it |
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Acute infection |
Get sick, get better |
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Latent infection |
Infection that causes symptoms, hides in DNA, re-emerges when the immune response stops, in a cyclee |
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Persistent infection |
Infection that over long period of time, keeps coming back, it's a build up of virus that wears out the immune system |