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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Tunica vaginalis?
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Simple squamous epithelium surrounding the testes
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What is the Tunica Vasculosa?
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The inner part of the Tunica Albuginia, made up of connective tissue with blood vessels
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What 3 general structures enter/leave the testes through the Mediastinum testis?
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Blood vessels
Lymphatic vessels Genital ducts |
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How many lobules are there per testis, and what separates lobules?
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250 lobules/testis
Separated by connective tissue septa from the capsule |
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What does each lobule contain?
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1-4 seminiferous tubules
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What is the tubule recti (straight tubule)?
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The straight part of the seminiferous tubule that connects with the rete testes in the mediastinum
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Where is the tunica propria and what does it contain?
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Surrounds each seminiferous tubule
Contains: 1. 3-5 layers of Myoid (peritubular contractile cells) 2. Collagen fibrils |
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What type of epithelium do seminiferous tubules have and what cells are located with it?
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Complex, stratified epithelium
Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells |
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What are the three phases of Spermatogenesis and what happens in each (generally)?
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1. Spermatogonial (mitosis)
2. Spermatocyte (meiosis) 3. Spermiogenesis (differentiation) |
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What happens in the spermatogonial phase and what are the various stages?
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Mitosis of Type A spermatogonia (stem cells)
Type A dark cells --> Type A pale cells --> Type B spermatogonia --> Primary spermatocytes |
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What is the Tunica vaginalis?
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Simple squamous epithelium surrounding the testes
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What is the Tunica Vasculosa?
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The inner part of the Tunica Albuginia, made up of connective tissue with blood vessels
|
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What 3 general structures enter/leave the testes through the Mediastinum testis?
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Blood vessels
Lymphatic vessels Genital ducts |
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How many lobules are there per testis, and what separates lobules?
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250 lobules/testis
Separated by connective tissue septa from the capsule |
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What does each lobule contain?
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1-4 seminiferous tubules
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What is the tubule recti (straight tubule)?
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The straight part of the seminiferous tubule that connects with the rete testes in the mediastinum
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Where is the tunica propria and what does it contain?
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Surrounds each seminiferous tubule
Contains: 1. 3-5 layers of Myoid (peritubular contractile cells) 2. Collagen fibrils |
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What type of epithelium do seminiferous tubules have and what cells are located with it?
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Complex, stratified epithelium
Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells |
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What are the three phases of Spermatogenesis and what happens in each (generally)?
|
1. Spermatogonial (mitosis)
2. Spermatocyte (meiosis) 3. Spermiogenesis (differentiation) |
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What happens in the spermatogonial phase and what are the various stages?
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Mitosis of Type A spermatogonia (stem cells) to create spermatogonia
Type A dark cells --> Type A pale cells --> Type B spermatogonia --> Primary spermatocytes |
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What is the Tunica vaginalis?
|
Simple squamous epithelium surrounding the testes
|
|
|
What is the Tunica Vasculosa?
|
The inner part of the Tunica Albuginia, made up of connective tissue with blood vessels
|
|
|
What 3 general structures enter/leave the testes through the Mediastinum testis?
|
Blood vessels
Lymphatic vessels Genital ducts |
|
|
How many lobules are there per testis, and what separates lobules?
|
250 lobules/testis
Separated by connective tissue septa from the capsule |
|
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What does each lobule contain?
|
1-4 seminiferous tubules
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What is the tubule recti (straight tubule)?
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The straight part of the seminiferous tubule that connects with the rete testes in the mediastinum
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Where is the tunica propria and what does it contain?
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Surrounds each seminiferous tubule
Contains: 1. 3-5 layers of Myoid (peritubular contractile cells) 2. Collagen fibrils |
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What type of epithelium do seminiferous tubules have and what cells are located with it?
|
Complex, stratified epithelium
Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells |
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What are the three phases of Spermatogenesis and what happens in each (generally)?
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1. Spermatogonial (mitosis)
2. Spermatocyte (meiosis) 3. Spermiogenesis (differentiation) |
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What happens in the spermatogonial phase and what are the various stages?
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Mitosis of Type A spermatogonia (stem cells) to create spermatogonia
Type A dark cells --> Type A pale cells --> Type B spermatogonia (2n, 2c) --> Primary spermatocytes (2n, 4c) |
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What are cytoplasmic bridges?
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Connections between type A pale cells thought to have a role in synchronizing phases of spermatogenesis
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What occurs in the spermatocyte phase (3 steps)?
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1. Primary spermatocytes duplicate chromosomes (so now 2n, 4c)
2. Meiosis (and crossing over) to 2 secondary spermatocytes (n,2c) 3. Next round of meiosis to 4 spermatids (n,c) |
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What generally happens during spermiogenesis and what are the 4 phases?
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Differentiation of spermatids into sperm
1. Golgi 2. Cap 3. Acrosome 4. Maturation |
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What happens during the Golgi Phase of Spermiogenesis? (4 events)
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1. Hydrolytic enzymes produced in RER accumulate in Golgi as pre-acrosomal granules
2. Vesicle with granules enlarges 3. Vesicle positions over nucleus (defines anterior pole) 4. One centriole forms flagellar axoneme |
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What happens during the Cap phase of Spermiogenesis?
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Acrosomal vesicle spreads over anterior half of nucleus and becomes condensed --> acrosome
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What happens during the Acrosome phase of Spermiogenesis? (4 things)
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1. Spermatid reorients so its head is embedded in Sertoli cell
2. Nucleus condenses 3. Cell elongates 4. Mitochondria shift location |
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What happens during the maturation phase of Spermiogenesis?
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Excess cytoplasm pinched off, released into lumen of seminiferous tubule
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In mature sperm, what does the acrosomal cap contain and why are the contents important?
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1. hyaluronidase
2. neuraminidase 3. acid phosphatase 4. acrosin Important enzymes for penetration of zona pellucida of the ovum |
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How many chromosomes exist in the mature sperm?
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23
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What are the 4 regions of the mature sperm tail?
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1. Neck
2. Middle piece 3. Principal piece 4. End piece |
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What is contained in the neck region of the sperm tail? (3 things)
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1. Centrioles
2. Origin of course fibers 3. Origin of axonemal complex (9+2 microtubules) |
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What does the middle piece of the sperm tail contain?
Why are these contents important? |
Mitochondria, helically wrapped around coarse fibers and axonemal complex
Provide energy for tail movement and sperm motility |
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What is contained in the principal piece of the sperm tail?
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Fibrous sheath external to the coarse fibers and axonemal complex
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What is contained in the end piece of the sperm tail?
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Axonemal complex
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What are sertoli cells and what are their functions?
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Tall, columnar, non-replicating epithelial cells that rest on the basal lamina of seminiferous tubules
Supporting cells for developing sperm, which attach to their surface after meiosis |
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What 2 structures contribute to the blood-testis barrier in the seminiferous epithelium?
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Sertoli-Sertoli junctional complexes (tight junctions)
Peritubular myoid cells |
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What compartments lie on either side of Sertoli-Sertoli junctions in the Seminiferous epithelium?
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Basal and adluminal compartments
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Why is the blood-testis barrier important?
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Necessary to separate sperm from immune system, which can recognize and produce antibodies against foreign bodies
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What are the Sertoli cells' exocrine secretory functions?
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Secrete fluid that facilitates passage of maturing sperm into intra-testicular ducts
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What are the Sertoli cells' endocrine secretory functions?
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1. Secrete Mullerian Inhibiting Syndrom in embryogenesis, causes regression of female internal reproductive structures
2. Secrete inhibin, which regulates FSH in anterior pituitary gland |
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What is contained in the interstitium between seminiferous tubules? (4)
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1. Tunica vasculosa vessels
2. Loose connective tissue with fibroblasts 3. Macrophages 4. Leydig cells |
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What do Leydig cells look like?
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Large, polygonal, acidophilic, contain lipid droplets and crystals of Reinke
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What is the function of Leydig cells and what structures are in abundance to allow this to happen?
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Synthesize testosterone from cholesterol, important for development of male genitalia, spermatogenesis
Abundant SER and mitochondria with tubulovesicular cristae |
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What regulates Leydig cells production?
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Lutenizing horomone
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What two structures do the tubuli reci join?
What lines the tubuli recti? |
Joins seminiferous tubule with rete testis
Lined by Sertoli cells |
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What kind of epithelium does the rete testis have?
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Simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli and a single apical cilium
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What do the efferent ductules connect?
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Connect rete testes to epididymus
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What types of cells does the epithelium of the efferent ductules have?
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Pseudostratified columnar, true ciliated, with clumps of tall and short cells, basal cells, lymphocytes
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How do the efferent ductules concentrate the sperm?
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Reabsorb fluid from seminiferous tubules, under the control of estrogen
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What is the epididymus and where is it located?
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1. Ductus epididymus
2. vascularized connective tissue 3. smooth muscle 4. fibrous connective tissue Posterior surface of the testis |
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What are the sections of the epididymis?
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Head (caput)
Body (corpus) Tail (cauda) |
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What happens to sperm in the epididymis?
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Sperm mature, acquire motility and ability to fertilize an egg
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What kind of epithelium does the rete testis have?
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Simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli and a single apical cilium
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What do the efferent ductules connect?
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Connect rete testes to epididymus
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What types of cells does the epithelium of the efferent ductules have?
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Pseudostratified columnar, true ciliated, with clumps of tall and short cells, basal cells, lymphocytes
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How do the efferent ductules concentrate the sperm?
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Reabsorb fluid from seminiferous tubules, under the control of estrogen
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What is the epididymus and where is it located?
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1. Ductus epididymus
2. vascularized connective tissue 3. smooth muscle 4. fibrous connective tissue Posterior surface of the testis |
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What is contained in the interstitium between seminiferous tubules? (4)
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1. Tunica vasculosa vessels
2. Loose connective tissue with fibroblasts 3. Macrophages 4. Leydig cells |
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What do Leydig cells look like?
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Large, polygonal, acidophilic, contain lipid droplets and crystals of Reinke
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What is the function of Leydig cells and what structures are in abundance to allow this to happen?
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Synthesize testosterone from cholesterol, important for development of male genitalia, spermatogenesis
Abundant SER and mitochondria with tubulovesicular cristae |
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What regulates Leydig cells production?
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Lutenizing horomone
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What two structures do the tubuli reci join?
What lines the tubuli recti? |
Joins seminiferous tubule with rete testis
Lined by Sertoli cells |
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What cells are located in the epithelium of the epididymis?
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Pseudostratified epithelium
Principal cells with steriocilia (microvilli) Basal cells on basal lamina |
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What are the functions of principal cells of the epididymis?
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1. Secrete gycerophosphocholine, sialic acid, and glycoproteins into lumen
2. Reabsorb remnants from spermatid cytoplasm |
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How does the structure of the epididymis change from head to tail?
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1. Principal cells decrease in height in the tail
2. Increasing smooth muscle thickness down the tail (3 layers in tail) |
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What is the role of the Vas deferens?
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Propels sperm from epididymus to the urethra
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What types of epithelium does the vas deferens have?
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Psudostratified columnar epithelium with sterocilia
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What are the smooth muscle layers in the vas deferens?
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Inner longitudinal
Middle circular outer longitudinal Each muscle has its own nerve |
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How is a vasectomy done?
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Cut vas deferens, seal so sperm cannot be ejaculated
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What does the ejaculatory duct do?
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Transports sperm from vas deferens to urethra
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What type of epithelium does the ejaculatory duct have?
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Simple columnar, little smooth muscle
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Where are the seminal vesicles located?
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Near the junction of the vas deferens and ejaculatory duct
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What do the seminal vesicles secrete?
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1. Fructose and ascorbic acid to nourish sperm
2. Fibrinogen for semen clotting |
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What type of epithelium do seminal vesicles have?
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Pesudostratified columnar
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What type of gland is the prostate?
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Compound tubulo-alveolar gland
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What kind of epithelia do prostate glands have?
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Pseudostratified and simple columnar
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What does the prostate gland secrete?
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1. Adds nutritional and other fluids to sperm at ejaculation
2. Produces acid phosphatase, prostate-specific antigen |
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What are prostatic concretions?
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Precipitation of secretory material around cell fragements that partially calcify
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What is benign prostatic hyperplasia?
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Hyperplasia of prostatic stroma and glands --> enlarged prostate --> occludes lumen
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What do Bulbourethral glands do?
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Secrete pre-seminal fluid on erotic stimulation, lubricates within penile urethra
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Where are bulbourethral glands located and what do they look like?
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Located in urogenital diaphragm
Pea-sized, compound tubuloalveolar, similar to mucus glands |
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What type of epithelium do Bulbourethral glands have?
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Simple columnar, under control of testosterone
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What are glands of Littre?
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Mucus glands on either side of urethra, lubricate urogenital tract during sexual arousal
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What are the regions of the urethra and what type of epithelia does each have?
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1. Prostatic - transitional
2. Membranous - stratified and pseudostratified columnar 3. Spongy - pseudostratified columanr with patches of stratified squamous |
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What is the corpora cavernosa?
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Two dorsal masses of erectile tissue of penis, lined with vascular endothelium
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What is the corpus spongiosum?
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Ventral mass of erectile tissue on penis, contains urethra
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What is the role of the tunica albuginea in the penis?
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Binds corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa, forms fibro-elastic capsule around each one
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What is the process of an erection?
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Sexual stimulation --> Parasympathetic --> release of NO --> relax smooth muscle cells in cavernous spaces --> arteriole dilation --> periphal veins compressed as blood enters cavernous spaces
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