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144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO STUDYING OR EXAMINES PATTERNS OF GROWTH CHANGE, AND STABILITY IN BEHAVIOR THAT OCCUR THROUGHOUT A LIFE TIME
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LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT
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WOMB TO THE TOMB?
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LIFESPAN DEVLOPMENT
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A GROUP OF PEOPLE BORN AROUND THE SAME TIME AND SAME PLACE?
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COHORT
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BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ASSOCIATED AROUND AN PARTICULAR HISTORICAL MOMENT
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NORMATIVE HISTORY-GRADED INFLUENCES
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ARE BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES THAT ARE SIMILAR FOR PEOPLE IN A PARTICULAR AGE GROUP REGARDLESS OF WHEN OR WHERE THEY ARE RAISED
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NORMATIVE AGE-GRADED INFLUENCES
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INCLUDES THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS PRESENT AT A PARTICULAR TIME FOR A PARTICULAR INDIVIDUAL DEPENDING ON SUCH VARIABLES AS ETHNICITY, SOCIAL CLASS, AND SUBCULTURAL MEMBERSHIP
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NORMATIVE SOCIOCULTURAL-GRADED INFUENCES
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ARE SPECIFIC ATYPICAL EVENTS THAT OCCUR IN A PARTICULAR PERSON'S LIFE AT A TIME WHEN THEY DO NOT HAPPEN TO MOST PEOPLE
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NONNORMATIVE LIFE EVENTS
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ARE EXPLANATIONS AND PREDICTIONS THAT CONCERNING THE PHENOMENA OF INTEREST PROVIDING A FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG AN ORGANIZED SET OF FACTS OR PRINCIPLES
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THEORIES
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STATES THAT UNCOUNSCIOUS FORCES ACT TO DETERMINE PERSONAILTY AND BEHAVIOR
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PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
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WHO THEORY IS PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
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FREUD
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NAME 3 PARTS OF FREUDS THEORY OF PERSONAILTY
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ID
EGO AND SUPEREGO |
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UNORGANIZED INBORN PART OF PERSONALITY PRESENT AT BIRTH THAT REPRESENTS INSTINCTS RELATED TO SEX AND AGGRESSION
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ID
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OPERATES ON THE PLEASURE PRINCIPLE
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ID
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WHAT IS THE GOAL TO MAZIMIZE SATISFACTION AND REDUCE TENSION
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PLEASURE PRINCIPLE
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PART OF PERSONALITY THAT IS RATIONAL AND ADAPTIVE
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EGO
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WHAT OPERATES ON THE REALITY PRINCIPLE
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EGO
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INCLUDES BOTH CONSCIENCE AND SUPER-EGO
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SUPEREGO
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THE ASPECT OF PERSONALITY THAT REPRESENTS A PERSON'S MORAL SENSE
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SUPEREGO
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FREUD STAT THAT WHAT PART OF THE PERSONALLITY ABOUT WHICH A PERSON IS UNAWARE AND IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MUCH OF OUR EVERYDAY BEHAVIOR
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UNCONSCIOUS
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A SERIES OF STAGES THAT CHILDREN PASS THROUGH IN WHICH PLEASURE OR GRATIFICATION IS FOCUSED ON A PARTICULAR BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION AND BODY PART
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PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
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ORAL STAGE
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BIRTH TO 12-18 MONTHS
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ANAL
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12-18MONTHS TO 3 YEARS
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PHALLIC
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3-TO 5-6 Y/O
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LATENCY
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5 TO 6 YEARS TO ADOLESCENCE
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GENITAL
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ADOLESCENCE TO ADULTHOOD
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SUGGESTED THAT DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGE OCCURS THROUGHOUT THE LIFE SPAN IN EIGHT QUALITATIVELY DISTINCT STAGES
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ERIKSON'S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY
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born the same year and place
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cohort
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U CAN HAVE SPECIFIC TIMES LIKE CITY, SSTATE COUNTY, COUNTRY AGE
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COHORT
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SHARE A SIMILAR EXPERIENCES, SHARE COMMON SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DEVLOPEMNT
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COHORTS
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WHAT KIND OF APPROACH DOSE LIFESPAN TAKE
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SCIENTIFIC
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WHAT DOESE LIFESPAN EXAMINE
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PATTERNS OF GROWTH
CHANGE, AND STABILITY IN BEHAVIOR THAT OCCUR THROUGHOUT THE LIFE SPAN |
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WHAT DOES LIFESPAN FOCUS ON
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
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LIST FOUR TYPES OF COHORTS
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NORMATIVE HX-GRADED
NORMATIVE AGE-GRADED NORMATIVE SOCICULTURAL-GRADED NORMATIVE LIFE EVENTS |
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EXAMPLE: PEOPLE WHO LIVED IN NEW YORK CITY DURING 911
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EXAMPLE OF HISTORY CRADED INFLUENCES
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BIOLOGICAL EVENTS SUCH AS PUBERITY AND MENOPAUSE THAT ARE UNIVERSAL EVENTS OCCUR AT SAME TIMES IN SOCIETIES
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EXAMPLE OF AGE GRADED INFUENCES
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ENTRY INTO FORMAL EDUCATION AROUND THE AGE OF 6
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AGE GRADED INFLUENCES
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CHILDREN WHO ARE WHITE AND AFFLUENT VERSUS MINORITY GROUP IN POVERITY
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EXAMPLE OF SOCIOCULTURAL GRADDED
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A CHILD WHOES PARENTS DIE IN MVA AT 6Y/O
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EXAMPLE OF NON-NORMATIVE LIFE EVENTS
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HISTORICAL TIME PERIOD OR MOMENT
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NORMATIVE HISTORY GRADED INFLUENCE
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FIRST WORD AT 12 MONTHS IS AN EXAMPLE OF WHAT
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AGE GRADED
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BRONFENBRENNER LABELED OUR LARGER CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT AS THE
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MACROSYSTEM
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ERIKSON'S STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT FOCUS ON
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CONFLICTS THROUGHOUT THE LIFE SPAN
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JUDY IS EXPERIENCING SX'S OF MENOPAUSE. HER MONTHLY CYCLE HAS STOPPED AND SHE HAS HAD SOME HOT FLASHES. WHAT SHE IS EXPERIENCING COULD BE LABELED AS A
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AGE-GRADED INFLUENCE
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FREUD THEORIZED THAT WHEN WE ARE BORN WE FUNCTION TOTALLY FROM OUR
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ID
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A RESEARCHER CONDUCTS IN DEPTH STUDY WITH A SMALL GROUP OF CHILDREN WHO ARE THOUGHT TO HAVE PSYCHIC ABILITIES . WHAT TYPE OF STUDY IS SHE CONDUCTING?
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CASE STUDY
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MIKE IS A SON OF WOMEN WHO HAS SCHIZOPHRENIA. ANNUALLY FOR THE LAST 10 YEARS HE RECEIVED A QUESTIONNAIRES FROM SCIENTIESTS RESEARCHING WHETHER SCHIZOPHRENIA IS AN INHERITED DISORDER. HE IS PARTICIPATING IN WHAT TYPE OF STUDY?
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LONGITUDIANAL STUDY
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NAME TWO PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE THEORIES
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PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY OF FREUD
PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY OF ERIKSON |
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ACCORDING TO FREUD'S THEORY, WHAT MUST CHILDREN DO
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MUST PASS SUCCESSFULLY THUR STAGES TO AVOID HARMFUL FIXATIONS
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WHERE IS FREUDS FOCUS ON
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UNCOUNSCOUS
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ACCORDING TO ERICKSON, INDIVIDUALS MUST DO WHAT
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PASS THUR STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT (8) WITH EACH STAGE IS CHARACTERIZED BY A CONFLLICT OR CRISIS TO WORK OUT
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LIST TWO BEHAVIOR THEORIST
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SKINNER
BANDURAS SOCIAL COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORY |
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MOST NOTEABLE THEORIST IN THE COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
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PIAGET
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WHAT DOES PIAGET STATE?
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THAT EACH CHILD HAS TO GO THUR STAGE THAT INVOLVES QUALITATIVE DIFFERENCES IN THINKING
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PSYCH
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INNNER MIND SOUL
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THE APPROACH STATING THAT BEHAVIOR IS MOTIVATED BY INNER FORCES, MEMORIES, AND CONFLICTS THAT ARE GENERALLY BEYOND PEOPLE AWARENESS AND CONTROL
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PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE
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FOCUS ON INNER PERSON
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PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE
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UNCOUNSCIOUS FORCES ACT TO DETERMINE PERSOALITY AND BEHAVIOR
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PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
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LIST THREE LEVELS OR DOMAINS TO FREUD'S THEORY
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CONSIOUSNESS
UNCONSCIOUS PRECONSCIOUS |
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WHERE DO YOU FIND THE PART OF THE PERSONALITY WHICH A PERSON IS UNAWARE OF
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UNCOUNSCIOUS
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CONTAINS WISHES, DESIRES AND NEEDS THAT ARE HIDDEN BECAUSE IT IS DISTURBING NATURE, FROM CONSCIOUS AWARENESS
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UNCOUNSCIOUS
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FREUD SUGGESTED THAT THE UNCONSCIOUS IS RESPONSIBLE FOR WHAT
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A GOOD PART OF OUR EVERY DAY BEHAVIOR
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LIST 3 ASPECTS OF PERSONAILITY
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ID EGO SUPEREGO
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PRESENT AT BIRTH THAT REPRESENTS INSTINCTRS RELATED TO SEX AND AGGRESSION
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ID
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THE ID OPERATES ON WHAT PRINCIPLE
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PLEASURE PRINCIPLE
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THE GOAL OF THIS IS TO MAXIMIAE SATISFACTION AND DECREASE TENSION
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PLEASURE PRINCIPLE
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OPERATES ON THE REALITY PRINCIPLE
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EGO
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OPERATES ON THE MORAL PRINCIPLE
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SUPEREGO
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THE IDEAL PART OF THE PERSONALITY
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EGO
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PRESENT AT BIRTH
I WANT PRIMARY DRIVES TO EAT, SEX AGGRESSION, AND IRRTIONAL IMPULSES |
ID
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PART OF PERSONALITY THAT IS RATIONAL AND RESONABLE
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EGO
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THIS PART OF THE PERSONALITY ACTS AS A BUFFER BETWEEN THE REAL WORLD AND THE ID
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EGO
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OPERATES ON WHAT PRINCIPLE IN WHICH INSTINCTUAL ENERGY IS RESTRAINED IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN THE SAFETY OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND HELP INTEGRATE THE PERSON INTO SOCIETY
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REALITY PRINCIPLE
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REPRESENTS A PERSON'S CONSCIENCE INCORPORATING DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN RIGHT AND WRONG
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SUPEREGO
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WHEN IS CONSCIENCE BEGINS TO DEVLOPE
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AROUND 5 AND 6
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HOW IS CONCIOUS LEARNED
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THROUGH PARENTS, TEACHERS, AND SIGNIFICANT OTHERS IN THE CHILD'S LIFE
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IF CHILDREN ARE UNABLE TO GRATIFY THEMSELVES SUFFICIENTLY DURING A PARICULAR STAGE OR IF THEY RECEIVE TOO MUCH GRATIFICATION WHAT HAPPENS
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FIXATION MAY OCCUR
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IS BEHAVIOR REFLECTING AN EARLIER STAGE OF DEVLOPMENT DUE TO UNRESOLVED CONFLICT
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FIXATION
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LIST THE PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVLPMENT
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ORAL, ANAL, PHALLIC, OEDIPUS COMPLEX; LATENCY, GENITAL
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FOCUS ON THE INTERNAL AND UNCOUSIOUS FOR DEVLOPMENT STEMMING FROM CHILDHOOD OVER WHICH WE HAVE LITTLE CONTROL
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PSYCHODYNAMIC
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FOCUSES ON EXTERNAL AND OBSERVALBE BEHAVIORS AS THE KEY TO DEVLOPMENT
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BEHAVIOR THEORIES
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FOCUSES ON MENTAL ACTIVITY. EMPHASIS ON HOW CHANGES OR GROWTH IN THE WAYS PEOPLE KNOW, UNDERSTAND, AND THINK ABOUT THE WORLD AFFECT BEHAVIOR
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COGNITIVE THEORIES
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SOMEONE WHO IS FIXATED ON SUCKING THUMB, CHEWING ICE, FOOD IS AN EXAMPLE OF
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PSYCHODYNAMIC
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TWO BEHAVIORAL THEORIST
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SKINNER AND BANDURA
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COGNIVTIVE THEORIST
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PIAGET
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HOW DOES DEVELOPMENT OCCUR IN THE BEHVAIORAL PERSPECTIVE
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AS THE RESULT OF CONTINUING EXPOSURE TO SPECIFIC FACTORS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
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WHO IS ASSOCIATED WITH OPERANT CONDITIONNG
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SKINNER
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IS A FORM OF LEARNING BY CONSEQUENCES IN WHICH A VOLUNTARY RESPONSE IS STRENGTHENED OR WEAKEND, DEPENDING ON ITS ASSOCIATION WITH POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE RESPONSES
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OPERANT CONDITIONING
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LIST TWO FORMS OF CONSEQUENCES THAT SKINNER USED
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REINFORCEMENT
PUNISHMENT |
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IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH A STIMULUS IS PROVIDED THAT INCREASES THE PROBABILITY THAT A PRECEDING BEHAVIORE WILL BE REPEATED
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REINFORCEMENT
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THE INTRODUCTION OF AN UNPLEASANT OR PAINFUL STIMULUS OR THE REMOVAL OF A DESIRABLE STIMULS; IT WILL DECREASE THE PROBABILITY THAT A BEHVAIOR WILL OCCUR IN THE FUTURE
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PUNISHMENT
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WHAT IS LEARNING BY CONSEQUENCES
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SKINNER OPERANT CONDITIONING
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WIS HAT KIND OF REINFORCEMNT CAN YOU HAVE
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POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE
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WHAT DO YOU HOPE FOR WITH PUNISHMENT
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EXTINCTION OF THE BEHAVIOR
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A TYPE OF LEARNING DERIVE FROM BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE
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OPERANT CONDITIONING
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HOW DOES OPERANT CONDITIONING WORK
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INDIVDUALS LEARN TO ACT DELIBERATELY ON THEIR ENVIRONMENT TO BRING ABOUT DESIRED CONSEQUENCES
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WHETHER OR NOT CHILDREN AND ADULTS WILL SEEK TO REPEAT A BEHAVIOR DEPENDS ON WHAT
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IF IS FOLLOWED BY REINFORCEMNT
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WORK HARD IN SCHOOL GETS GOOD GRADES
DO GOOD JOB PAY INCREASES |
EXAMPLES OF REINFORCEMENT
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WHAT HAPPENS IF BEHAVIOR THAT IS REINFORCED
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THE SAME BEHAVIROR WILL WILL OCCUR
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WHAT PRINCIPLES OF OPERANT CONDITIONING ARE USED
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BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION
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THEORIST FOR SOCIAL-COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORY
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BANDURA WHO TAKES ON THE BEHAVIORST PERSPECTIVE
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WHAT THEORY IS LEARNING BY OBSEVATION AND IMITATION
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SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
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INVOLVELEARNING BY OBSERVING AND IMITATION OF THE BEHAVIOR OF ANOTHER PERSON
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SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
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WHAT STATES THW WHEN WE SEE THE BEHAVIOR OF A MODEL BEING REWARDED WE ARE LIKELY TO IMITATE THAT BEHAVIOR
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SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
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SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY COMES IN FOUR STEPS
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OBSERVER PAY ATTENTION TO MODEL'S BEHAVIOR
OBS. MUST SUCCESSFULLY RECALL THE BEHAVIOR BEHAVIOR MUST BE REPRODUCES ACCURATELY OBSER. MUST BE MOTIVATED TO LEARN AND CARRY OUT BEHAVIOR |
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4 STEPS IN COGNITVE -LEARNING THEORY BEHAVIOR
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ATTENTION
RECALL REPRODUCTION MOTIVATION |
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BRONFENBRENNER'S USES WHAT APPROACH
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BIOECOLOGICAL APPROACH
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WHAT IS THE PERSPECTIVE SUGGESTINGG THAT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ENVIRONMENT SIMULATANEOUSLY INFLUENCE INDIVIDUALS
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BRONFENBRENNER'S BIOECOLOGICL APPROACH
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SUGGEST THAT THEIR ARE FOUR LEVELS OF THE ENVIRONMENT THAT SIMULTANEOUSLY INFLUENCE OTHERS
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MICROSYSTEM
MESOSYSTEM EXOSYSTEM MACROSYSTEM |
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SYSYTEM THATWE USE EVERYDAY IN OUR IMMEDIATE ENVIRONMENT WHICH CHILDREN LEAD THEIR DAILY LIVES
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MICROSYSTEM
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EXAMPLES OF MICROSYSTEM
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HOMES, CAREGIVERS, FRIENDS, AND TEACHERS ALL INFLUENCE THIS SYSTEM
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THE LEVEL IN WHICH TRADITIONAL WORK IN CHILD DEVLOPMENT HAS BEEN DIRECTED
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MICROSYSTEM
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PROVIDES OR CONNECTS VARIOUS ASPECTS OF THE MICROSYSTEM
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MESOSYSTEM
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EXAMPLES OF MESOSYSTEM
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CHIDREN TO PARENTS
STUDENTS TO TEACHERS EMPLOYEES TO BOSSES FRIENDS TO FRIENDS |
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A MOTHER OR DAD WHO HAS A BAD DAY AT THE OFFICE AND THEN COMES HOME AND WHO IS SHORT TEMPER WITH HER SON OR DAUGHTER
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EXAMPLE OF MESOSYTEM
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BROADER INFLUENCE ON THE CIRCLE IE. LOCAL GOVERNMENT, COMMUNITY, SCHOOLS, CHURCHS, LOCAL MEDIA
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EXOSYSTEM
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THE QUALITY OF SCHOOL
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AFFECTS THE CHILD'S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT AND COULD HAVE LONG TERM CONSEQUENCES
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LARGER CULTRUAL INFUENCES CHILD'S DEVELOPMENT
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SOCIETY
TYPES OF GOVERNMENT RELIGIOUS SYSTEMS POLITICAL THOUGHT |
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THE VALUE OF A CULTURE SOCIETY PLACES ON EDUCATION OR THE FAMILY WILL AFFECT THE VALUES OF THE PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN THAT SOCIETY
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MACROSYSTEM
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INVOLVES THE WAY THE PASSAGE OF TIME, INCLUDING HISTORICAL EVENTS, AFFECT CHILDREN'S DEVLOPMENT
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CHRONOSYSTEM
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LIST THREE TYPE OF RESEARCH STRATEGIES
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CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
EXPERIMENTS MEASURING DEVELOPING CHANGE |
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SEEKS TO IDENTFY WHETHER AN ASSOCIATION OR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO FACTORS EXISTS
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CORELATIONAL RESEARCH
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THE STRENGTH AND DIRECTION OF A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO FACTORS IS REPRESENTED BY A
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MATHEMATICAL SCORE
CALLED A CORRELATIONAL COEFFICIENT WHICH RANGES FROM +1.0 TO -1.0 |
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INDICATES AS ONE VALUE OF ONE FACTOR INCREASES IT CAN BE PREDICTED THE VALUE OF THE OTHER WILL INCREASE
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POSITIVE CORRELATION
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INFORMS US THAT AS THE VALUE OF ONE FACTOR INCREASES, THE VALUE OF THE OTHER FACTOR DECLINES
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NEGATIVE CORRELATION
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WHAT DOES CORRELATION DOES NOT EQUAL
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CAUSATION
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LIST 3 TYPES OF CORRELATIONAL STUDIES
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NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION
CASE STUDIES SURVEY RESEARCH |
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THE OBSERVATION OF A NATURALLY OCCURRING BEHAVIOR WITHOUT INTERVENTION IN THE SITUATION
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NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION
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INVOLVE EXTENSIVE, IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS WITH A PARTICULAR INDIVIDUAL OR A SMALL GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS
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CASE STUDIES
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WHERE PEOPLE ARE CHOSEN TO REPRESENT SOME LARGER POPULATIONAND ARE ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT THEIR ATTITUDES, BEHAVIOR, OR THINKING ON A GIVEN TOPIC
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SURVEY RESEARCH
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FOCUS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS AND THE SOCIAL CONTEST IN WHICH THEY LEAD THEIR LIVES
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CONTEXTUAL
URIE BRONFENBRENNER |
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WHAT EXAMINES RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FACTORS WITHOUT DEMONSTRATING CAUSALITY
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CORRELATIONAL STUDIES
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SEEKS TO DISCOVER CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS BY THE USE OF TREATMENT GROUP AND A CONTROP GROUP
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EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
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WHICH VARIABLE IS MANIPULATED IN THE RESEARCH
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INDEPENDENT
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WHICH VARIABLE DO YOU OBSERVE CHANGES
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DEPENDENT VARIABLE
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THE GROUP RECEIVING TREATMENT
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EXPERIMENT GROUP
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GROUP THAT RECEIVES NO TREATMENT OR ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT
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CONTROL GROUP
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A CRITICAL STEP IN THE DESIGN OF AN EXPERIMENT IS TO ASSIGN PARTICIPANTS TO DIFFERENT TREATMENT GROUPS ON THE BASIS OF CHANCE ALONE
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RADOM ASSIGNMENT (THIS ALLOWS THE REASERCHER TOO EQUALIZE THE GROUPS BEFORE THE EXPERIMENT BEGINS
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THREE WAYS TO MEASUR DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGE
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LONGITUDINAL
CROSS-SECTIONAL CROSS-SEQUENTIAL |
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THE COMPARISION GROUP IS ALSO KNOWN AS WHAT
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CONTROL GROUP
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THE BEHAVIOR OF ONE OR MORE INDIVIDUALS IS MEASURED AS THE PARTICIPANTS AGE
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LONITUDINAL RESEARCH
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OVER A PERIOD OF TIME
SOME PARTICIPANTS MAY BE LOSS OVER TIME PARTICIPANTS MAY BE TEST-WISE |
LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH
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PEOPLE OF DIFFERENT AGES ARE COMPARED AT THE SAME POINT IN TIME
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CROSS-SECTIONAL RESEARCH
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DIFFERENCES MAY BE DUE TO COHORT EFFECTS
PARTICIPANT ATTRITION IS LESS OF A PROBLEM CHANGES IN INDIVIDUALS OR GROUPS ARE UNABLE TO BE EXPLAINED |
CROSS-SECTIONAL
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RESEARCHRES EXAMINE A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS OVER SEVERAL POINTS IN TIME
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CROSS-SEQUENTIAL STUDIES
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