227.303 Parasitology; Nematode Ct1 C

Front 1

describe the general morphological characteristics of the superfamily Trichostongyloidea

Back 1

slender nematodes
buccal capsule, very small, not decorated, usually no teeth
ovijector apparatus
copulatory bursa and 2 spicules usually short and stout

Front 2

Describe the general life cycle of the superfamily Trichostongyloidea

Back 2

direct
typical (except for Dictyocaulus) non migratory
infection always by ingestion
adults in gastric stomach or small intestine
live in mucus layer and generally ingest mucus
PPP 2-4 weeks
eggs typical of sub-order

Front 3

Abomasum of ruminant; 20-34 mm long; red/white spiral

Back 3

Haemonchus;
F: uterus coiled round intesitine, vulvar flap, round or tongue-like, usually present
M: dorsal love of bursa asymmetrucal, spicules strong, barbed at tip

Front 4

Abomasum of ruminant; 7-12 mm long; brown

Back 4

Ostertagia;
F: uterus not coiled; vulvar flap present or absent, 12-20 eggs
M: dorsal lobe of bursa symmetircal; spicules 3-branched; not barbed

Front 5

Abomasum of ruminant; 5-8 mm long, translucent pink

Back 5

Trichostrongylus;
F: uterus not coiled, vulvar flap absent; less than 12 eggs; excretory pore in notch; very slender, delicate
M: dorsal lobe of bursa symmetical, spicules short, stout - spicules unequal and dissimilar= T.axei, or equal in most other spp.

Front 6

Small intestine ruminant; 12-26 mm, stout, head bent

Back 6

Hookworm; Bunostomum
large buccal capsule with cutting plates

Front 7

Small intestine ruminant; 5-8 mm, slender, not coiled

Back 7

Trichostongylus; excretory pore in notch, spicules short, ovijector apparatus obvious, tail pointed

Strongyloides; excretory pore not so, no males, ovijector apparatus not visible, tail rounded

Front 8

Small intestine ruminant, 5-11mm, slender, often coiled

Back 8

Cooperia;
F: eggs typical size, tail smoothly pointed, body not narrower anteriorly
M: spicules short, not joined

Front 9

Small intestine ruminant, 8-21 mm, slender, often coiled

Back 9

Nematodirus;
F: eggs are 2x type size, tail truncate with spine, body narrower anteriorly
M: spicules long, slender, joined at tip

Front 10

Haemonchus contortus
“barber-pole worm”

Back 10

Sheep AbomasumCommon, in NZ, 20-34 mm long
LC: direct typical, Infective stage: [L3]
Non-migratory, PPP = 2-4wks
Distinguishing features
- vulva flap (tongue-like)
- eggs typical
- blood-sucking
- Y-shaped dorsal ray on copulatory bursa

Front 11

Trichostrongylus axei

Back 11

Sheep abomasum
Common, NZ, 5-8 mm
LC: direct, typical, I.S: [L3]
Non-migratory, PPP = 2-3 weeks
Features
- excretory pore and obvious notch

Front 12

Teladorsagia circumcinta/O. trifurcate

Back 12

Abomasum of sheep
Common, NZ, 7-12 mm
LC: direct, typical, I.S: [L3]
Non-migratory, PPP = 2-4wks
Features
- no vulva flap
- tail striations are present
- morph types major and minor

Front 13

Trichostrongylus vitrines

Back 13

Sheep SI
Common, NZ, Size = 5-8 mm
LC: direct, typical, I.S; [L3]
Non-migratory, PPP = 2-4wks
similar equal spicules but smooth and pointed

Front 14

Trichostrongylus colubriformis

Back 14

Sheep SI
Common, NZ, Size = 5-8 mm
LC: direct, typical, I.S; [L3]
Non-migratory, PPP = 2-4wks
slipper-shaped tips on on equal similar spicules

Front 15

Cooperia curtcai, C. mcmasteri (sometimes in sheep SI)

Back 15

Common, NZ, 4.5-9 mm
LC: direct, I.S. [L3]
Non-migratory, PPP = 2-4wks
Features
- cephalic dilation
- females have pointed tails
- typical strongylid eggs
- males have short spicules

Front 16

how is the life cycle of Nematodirus spp. atypical, and how does this affect the seasonal pattern of infection?

Back 16

development of [L3] occurs in the egg
the [L3] hatches and infects the host by the oral route
egg 2x typical size developing stages in the egg are extremely resistant to cold and some species seem to need a period of cold to complete development

Front 17

describe how the life cycle of dictyocaulus is atypical

Back 17

the L1 feeds but neither of the next two stages do; the L3 is enclosed in the cuticles of both L1 and L2
Infection by oral route only
exsheathment in SI and migration via L-P route
L4 breaks out in lungs to enter alveoli and moves into larger airways as it develops
PPP 4 weeks

Front 18

Name the atypical species of trichostrongyloid found in the stomach of cats; state how it is transmitted. What is unusual about its lifecycle?

Back 18

Ollulanus tricuspis; female is larviparous, giving birth to [L3}, transmission by vomiting of larvae and adult from stomach and ingestion by another cat.
larvae do not survive passage through intestinal tract.
F: tail with 3-5 cusps and eggs containing L1
less than 1mm long

Front 19

describe the modified Baermann Technique for recovering nematode larvae; explain how it works and name at least two parasite infections it can be used to diagnose

Back 19

place faeces just submerged on gauze in tepid water in funnel for at least 5hrs (perfer 8hrs overnight)
release clip and run off 5-10ml water (+larvae) into petri dish. stain with Lugol's iodine, count and id larvae.
diagnosis of lungworm (Dictyocaulus, Muellerius)

Front 20

Describe the modified McMaseter egg counting procedure; explain the general principles and the general process involved

Back 20

weigh 2g faeces, place 28ml saturated salt in bowl, work faeces though a sieve into salt, mix, remove sample with pipette, fill 2 chambers on counting slide, stand for at least 1-2mins. 10x objective count systematically
total # in both grids x50 = # of eggs per gm faeces

Front 21

Diagnostic characteristic of Nematodirus sp.

Back 21

F: cephalic dilation, posterior wider, eggs about 2x usual size, tail with spike
M: spicules long and joined at tip

Front 22

Diagnostic characteristic of Cooperia sp.

Back 22

F: cephalic dilation, egg usual size, pointed tail, no spine

Front 23

Diagnostic characteristic of Hyostrongylus rubins

Back 23

small cephalic dilation, spicules equal and similar

Front 24

Stomach of horse, 5-8 mm, slender, not coiled

Back 24

Trichostrongylus axei;
excretory pore in notch, spicules short, ovijector apparatus obvious, tail pointed

Front 25

stomach of pig, up to 10mm long, slender, not coiled

Back 25

Hyostrongylus rubidus;
small cephalic cuticular dilation, spicules equal and similar, excretory pore not in notch

Front 26

Dictyocaulidae viviparus

Back 26

Bronchioles, bronchi and sometimes trachea of cattle

Front 27

Dictyocaulidae filaria

Back 27

Bronchioles, bronchi and sometimes trachea of sheep and goats

Front 28

Dictyocaulidae arnfieldi

Back 28

Bronchioles, bronchi and sometimes trachea of horse

Front 29

Dictyocaulidae eckerti

Back 29

Bronchioles, bronchi and sometimes trachea of deer

Front 30

Name 3 genera found in the abomasum of ruminants; place them in descending order of length

Back 30

Haemonchus
Ostertagia/Teladorsagia
Trichostongylus

Front 31

Name 2 genera found in the SI of ruminants that have a cuticular dilation at the head end; how would you distinguish between the males and females?

Back 31

Nematodirus;
F: longer, large eggs, tail truncate + spine
M: long spicules, joined at tip

Cooperia;
F: shorter, normal sized eggs, tail pointed
M: short spicules, not jointed

Front 32

What genus that has no cuticular dilations may be found in the SI of ruminants? Name 2 species of this genus found here. On what morphological basis may these be distinguished from each other?

Back 32

Trichostrongylus;
T. vitrinus, T. colubriformis
Spicules