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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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First part of digestion...
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mouth , physical digestion teeth chewing turning into a bolus of food.
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saliva action on food is an example of what kind of digestion...
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Chemical,
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amylase breaks down____ into ____ and ____
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startches, into glucose and maltose
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when food is swallowed where does it pass...
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thru the pharynx into the esophagus.
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once in the esophagus what causes food,the bolus, to move toward the stomach
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peristaltic action
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what sphicntcer does food first pass to enter the stomach
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cardiac or gastroesphageal sphincter
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what type of tissue is the stomach made of
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smooth muscle
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how does a bolus of food turn into chyme in the stomach
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contractions of the smoth muscle tissue (ridges in the stomach ) and use of enzymes
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what enzymes are used in the stomach
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pepsinogen (inactive form of pepsin) to break down protiens, and hydrocloric acid
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what protects the stomach lining from the acid
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mucosal glands , secret mucus
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what sphnicter does food pass thru to exit the stomach
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pyloric sphincter
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when food leaves the stomach were does it go
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into the duodenum
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what part of the digestive system does the majority of digestion occur
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duodenum
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what chemical digestion occurrs in the duodenum
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pancreatic enzymes break food into monomers along with bile form the liver and gall bladder that mixes with fats to emulsify them
and monomers are absorbed thru the epithelia into the blood capilaries |
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where does food pass after the duodemum
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into the jejunum
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once past the illeocecal valve what is the chyme now considered
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feces
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what is the purpose of the illeocecal valve
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to prevent feces from reentering the small intestine, keep it moving in the right direction
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where is water reabsorbed wihtin the digestive system
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colon
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what are the two anal sphincters made of?
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1) internal sphincter is smooth muscle (invoulntary) the external sphincter is made of skeletal (voulantary)
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what is the purpose of the uvula in the pharynx
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CLOSE OFF THE NASAL CAVITY
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what tissue is the espohagus made of
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smooth muscle
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what is the PH of the HCL within the stomach
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2.0
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within the duodenum what does the bruners gland do
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releases alkaline substances to raise the ph up to 7
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what does bile break down
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emulsifies fats
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lipase acts on lipids to form what
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fatty acids and glycerol
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pepsin acts on proteins to create what
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amino acids
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what is attatched to the cecum
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apendix
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what are the 4 parts of the colon( large intestine)
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acending colon, transverse, decending, sigmoid colon
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what bacteria is used in the colon and what does it do
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E. Coli- breaks down lactose
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what is the respiartory membane
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simple squamous epithealium, thin so gases can pass thru by difusion (no energy)
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why is air entering thru the nasal cavities mor efficient that thru the mouth
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warms the air and filters it
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what is the route of air entering the body:
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Nose(nares) / mouth, phayrnx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchus, secondary bronchus, tertiary bronchus, to terminal bronchiole, and then the alveoli.
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how does o2 get to the blood and what does it do when there
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difuses thru respiratory membrane, into the blood and binds to the hemoglobin.
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where does blood go once it leaves the lungs
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to the heart then thru the arteries then to the capilary beds where gas exchange occures again this time o2 difuses from blood to tissues
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when CO2 difuses out of the tissue it combines with what and creates what
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co2 combines wiht h2o and forms carbonic acid , then assisted by carbonic anhydrase and breaks down into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions.
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once bicarbonate and hydrogen levels get high enough in RBC what occurrs
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thru chlolirde shift , the bicarbonate (hco3-) is exchanged inthe RBC for CL- (chloride), this is brought to the lungs and the roles reversed!
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what happens when the diaphram is relaxed
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exhalation, less volume in the lung, higher PSI
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what happens when the diaphram is contracted
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inhaliation, more volume in the lung decrease in PSI
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alkilatory respirosis casues what.
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rapid breathing, decrease in CO2, increase in PH
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respiratory acidosis causes what
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asphxiation, decrease in PH and increase in CO2
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What is ERV
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expiratory reserve volume : amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after normal tidal volume exhaliation (1200 Ml)
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what is TV
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Tidal Volume: amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions (500 ml)
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what is VC
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Vital capacity: Max amount of air that can be ehxaled after Max inspiration (4800 ml)
VC=TV+IRV+ERV |
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what happens if change in radius of the air way
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VC(vital capacity ) decreases, along with FEV (forced expiratory volume)
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what conditions create a change in radius of air way
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Bronchitis, Asthma
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what is decreased in copd/ and smokers
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ERV (expiratory reserve)
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what happens to VC with increase in height and increase in age
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Height= increased VC, Age= decrease in Vc
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what is prupopse of surfactant
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reduces surface tension (detergent) allows alvioli and capalaries to be closer together
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what happens during hyperventaliation
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increase in o2, co2 decreases, increase in PH(alkalosis)
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what happens in rebreathing (breathing in a bag)
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decrease in O2, co2 increases, Decrease in PH (acidosis)
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how does emphysema and asthma effect respiratory volumes
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limit flow in volume, not enough 02 in
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what does exerscise do for respiratory volumes
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increase in reserve and tidal volumes
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when taking med for asthma what occurs
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stops the spasms of the smooth muscles
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salivary amylase does what , where
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breaks startch into maltose and glucose, in the mouth
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gastric glands does what, where
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secrets Pepsinogen, HCl, Mucus, in the stomach
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Pepsin does what , where
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breaks down chyme into poly peptides, in the stomach
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Pepsinogen does what , where
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reacts (turned on) by the Hcl to form pepsin,, in the stomach
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Musocal glands does what, where
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secrete mucus to protect the stomach
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brush border enzymes do what, where
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enzymes bound to the microvilli have transporters , allow for absorbtion of digestied nutrients, within the small intestine/ duodenum
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duodenal glands do what, where
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produce mucus rich alkali secretion (bicarbonate), helps in absorption and buffers from acidic chyme, within the duodenum
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pancreatic amylease does what , where
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neutralizes acidic chyme , breaks down more startches and poly saccharides, in the pancreas
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trypsin does what , where
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hydrolyzes protien into amino acids, in the pancreas
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chymotrypsin does what, where
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cleaves amino acid residues, in th pancreas
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carboxypeptidase does what where
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cleaves amino acid residues, within the pancreas
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pancreatic lipase does what , where
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breaks fat molecules into monomers, wihtin the pancreas
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enterokinase does what where
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turns trypsinogen into trypsin, within the duodenal glands
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nuclease does what, where
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cleaves phosphodiester bonds between nucleotide, sub unit of nucleic acids, within the pancreas
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greater omentum is what
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saclike mesentary covers abdominal contents like an apron
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what is a substrate
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the molecules on which digestive enzymes (hydrolases) act on
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enzyme substrate complex is what
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the step when the substrate interacts on the receptor site of an enzyme
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