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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Quantitative
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Deductive
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Qualitative
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Inductive
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Pineo Porter Scale
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Occupational prestige.
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Blischen Score
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Takes occupation, education, and earnings into account.
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Conceptualization
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Process of taking a construct and refining it by giving it a conceptual or theoretical definition.
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Operationalization
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Links a conceptual definiton to a specific set of measurement techniques or procedures.
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Conceptual Hypothesis
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Most abstract level - looking for a causal relationship between 2 constructs.
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Empirical Hypothesis
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Determine the degree of association between indicators - links it to the empirical world.
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Reliability
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Dependable or constant/can be repeated.
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Validity
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Truthfulness - how things fit together.
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How to Improve Reliability
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1. Clearly conceptualize all constucts - avoid distractions.
2. Increase the level of measurement - be precies. 3. Use multiple indicators of a variable. 4. Use pretests, pilot studies, and replication (draft). |
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Measurement Validity
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How well the conceptual to operational definitions mesh with each other.
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Face Validity
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In the judgment of others.
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Content Validity
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Captures the entire meaning.
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Criterion
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Agrees with an external source.
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Concurrent
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Agrees with a pre-existing measure (see Criterion)
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Predictive
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Agrees with a future behaviour (see Criterion)
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Authenticity
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Giving a fair, honest, and balanced account of someone who lives it everyday.
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External Validity
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Can things that happen in a lab be applied to the real world?
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Statistical Validity
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The correct statistical procedure is chosen and its assumptions are fully met.
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Continuous Variables
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Infinite number of values or attributes that flow along a continuum. Eg. Interval or ratio
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Discrete Variables
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Relatively fixed set of separate values or variable attributes. Eg. Nominal or ordinal
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Nominal Measures
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Indicate only that their is a difference between categories.
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Ordinal Measures
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Indicate a difference, plus the categories can be ordered or ranked. Eg. more religion, more conservative.
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Interval Measures
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Indicate everything the first 2 do and can specify the amount of distance between categories. Eg. IQ tests.
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Ratio Measures
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Do everything the other levels do, plus there is a true zero. Eg. # of children, grades, etc.
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Mutually Exclusive Variables
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An individual or case fits into one and only one attribute of a variable. Eg. define employed and unemployed in such a way that nobody can be both.
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Exhaustive Variables
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All cases fit into one of the attributes of a variable. Eg. "Other" is used as a category.
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Uni-dimensionality
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All the items in a scale or index fit together, or measure a single construct.
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Index
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Is a combination of items into a single numerical score.
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Rates
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Standardizes the value of an item to make comparisons possible.
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Standardization
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Selecting a base and dividing the raw measure by the base.
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Likert Scales
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Asks people whether they agree or disagree with a statement.
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Response Bias
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Tendency of some people to answer a large number of items in the same way out of laziness or a psychological predisposition.
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Semantic Differential
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Provides a indirect measure of how a person feels about a concept, object or another person - uses polar opposite adjectives.
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Guttman Scaling
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Begins by measuring a set of indicators or items - uses YES/NO questions.
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Hierarchical
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The higher order items build on the lower ones (see Guttman Scale)
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Scalogram Analysis
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Lets a researcher test whether hierarchical relationships exist among the items.
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