22-Pharmacology Drugs For Hypertension

Front 1

WHAT ARE SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE?

Back 1

SYSTOLIC blood pressure is pressure exerted as blood is pumped from the heart

Front 2

WHAT ARE DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE?

Back 2

DIASTOLIC blood pressure is the pressure present during the resting phase of the heartbeat

Front 3

WHAT ARE THE PRIMARY DETERMINANTS OF SYSTOLIC AND DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE?

Back 3

systolic--cardiac output

diastolic--peripheral vascular resistance

Front 4

WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF HYPERTENSION?

Back 4

hypertension is an elevation in either the systolic or diastolic blood pressure or both

Front 5

PREHYPERTENSION IS ?

Back 5

prehypertension is a range of blood pressure readings that indicates a high probability of developing a heart attack, heart failure, stroke or renal disease

Front 6

PRIMARY HYPERTENSION IS?

Back 6

primary hypertension is a controllable but not curable form of hypertension of unknown etiology

Front 7

PREHYPERTENSION IS ?

Back 7

prehypertension is a range of blood pressure readings that indicates a high probability of developing a heart attack, heart failure, stroke or renal disease

Front 8

SECONDARY HYPERTENSION IS?

Back 8

secondary hypertension occurs following the development of another disorder in in the body (renal disease, head trauma)

Front 9

WHAT IS THE THERAPEUTIC OUTCOME FOR ANTIHYPERTENSIVE?

Back 9

the therapeutic outcome for antihypertensive therapy is to lower blood pressure by reducing peripheral resistance

Front 10

WHAT CLASS OF DRUGS IS USED INITIALLY IN THE TREATMENT OF UNCOMPLICATED HYPERTENSION WHEN LIFESTYLE CHANGES ARE NOT EFFECTIVE?

Back 10

if lifestyle changes do not sufficiently reduce blood pressure, a diuretic or a beta-blocker are generally the initial treatment of choice

Front 11

WHAT ARE THE FOUR CLASSES OF DIURETIC AGENTS USED TO TREAT HYPERTENSION?

Back 11

the four classes of diuretic agents used to treat hypertension are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, thiazide and thiazide-like agents, loop diuretics, and potassium sparing diuretics. thiazide are most often used

Front 12

WHAT LABORATORY TEST IS USED AS A GUIDE TO INDICATE WHEN A PATIENT NEEDS TO SWITCH FROM A THIAZIDE-TYPE TO A LOOP DIURETIC?

Back 12

the creatinine clearance test is used when a patient needs to switch from a thiazide-like to a loop diuretic

Front 13

WHAT ARE THE MAJOR SIDE EFFECTS TO EXPECT AND REPORT WITH BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS?

Back 13

the major side effects to expect and report with beta-adrenergic agents include bradycardia, peripheral vasoconstriction, bronchospasm, wheezing, hypoglycemia in diabetic patients, and heart failure

Front 14

WHAT TYPES OF PATIENTS SHOULD AVOID THE USE OF BETA-BLOCKING AGENTS?

Back 14

beta-blocking agents are not as effective in african-americans patients and should be avoided in patients with asthma, type 1 diabetes mellitus, heart failure with an etiology of systolic dysfunction, and in patients with peripheral vascular disease

Front 15

WHAT PRECAUTIONS SHOULD BE INSTITUTED WHEN BETA-BLOCKER THERAPY IS TO BE DISCONTINUED?

Back 15

after long-term treatment with beta-blockers, discontinue gradually over 1-2 weeks and monitro for anginal symptoms

Front 16

WHAT EFFECTS DOES ANGIOTENSIN II HAVE ON BLOOD VESSELS?

Back 16

angiotensin II produces vasoconstriction, which results in an increase in blood pressure

Front 17

WHAT EFFECT DOES AN INCREASEIN ALDOSTERONE SECRETION HAVE ON BLOOD PRESSURE?

Back 17

aldosterone results in sodium retention, which causes water retention and increased cardiac output, thereby increasing blood pressure

Front 18

SUMMARIZE THE SIDE EFFECTS TO EXPECT AND TO REPORT WITH THE USE OF ACE INHIBITORS?

Back 18

side effects are nausea, fatigue, headache, diarrhea, and orthrohypotension. Adverse effects are swelling face, eyes, lips, dyspnea, neutropenia, nephrotoxicity, hyperkalemia, chronic cough, birth defects

Front 19

WHAT IS THE ACTION ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS?

Back 19

angiotensin II receptor inhibitors block the angiotensin II from binding to receptor sites in vascular smooth muscle and the adrenal glands. this prevents elevation of pressure and sodium-retaining properties of angiotensin II.

Front 20

WHAT IS THE ACTION OF EPLERNONE, THE ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT?

Back 20

Eplernone (Inspira), an aldosterone receptor blocking agent, blocks the stimulation of the mineralocorticoid receptors by aldosterone, thereby preventing sodium reabsorption.

Front 21

WHAT HERBAL PRODUCT AND FRUIT JUICE SLOWS THE ABSORPTION OF EPLERNONE?

Back 21

grapefruit juice and st. johns wort

Front 22

WHAT IS THE ACTION OF CALCIUM ION ANTAGONISTS ON THE BLOOD PRESSURE?

Back 22

calcium ion antagonists inhibit the movement of calcium ions across cell membranes. this causes slower rate of heart contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles of blood vessels, resulting in vasodilation and reduction of the blood pressure.

Front 23

WHAT ARE SIDE EFFECTS TO EXPECT WITH ALPHA, -ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS?

Back 23

side effects to expect with alpha, -adrenergic blockers include drowsiness, headache, dizziness, weakness, tachycardia, fainting

Front 24

WHY SHOULD CENTRALLY ACTING ALPHA-AGONISTS (CLONIDINE, GUANABENZ, GUANFACINE, METHYLDOPA) BE DISCONTINUED GRADUALLY?

Back 24

sudden discontinuation of centrally acting alpha-agonists can produce a rebound effect with sudden increase in blood pressure

Front 25

WHAT IS AN ANTICIPATED SIDE EFFECT SEEN WITH MINOXIDIL? (LONITEN, MINODYL)

Back 25

the anticipated side effect seen with minoxidil is hair growth on the body

Front 26

WHAT IS AN ANTICIPATED SIDE EFFECT SEEN WITH MINOXIDIL? (LONITEN, MINODYL)

Back 26

the anticipated side effect seen with minoxidil is hair growth on the body

Front 27

TO WHAT DRUG CLASS DOES GUANADREL (HYLOREL) BELONG?

Back 27

guanadrel is a peripheral-acting adrenergic antagonist

Front 28

WHAT IS THE ENDING OF GENERIC DRUG NAMES BELONGING TO THE CLASS OF ACE INHIBITORS?

Back 28

generic drug names of ACE inhibitors end in "-pril" (enalapril, captopril)

Front 29

WHAT IS THE ENDING OF GENERIC DRUG NAMES BELONING TO THE CLASS OF ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS?

Back 29

generic drug names of angiotensin II receptor antagonists end in "-sartan" (candesartan, losartan)

Front 30

WHAT IS THE ENDING OF GENERIC DRUG NAMES BELONGING TOT HE CLASS OF CALCIUM ION ANTAGONISTS?

Back 30

generic drug names of calcium ion antagonists end in "-pine", with the exceptions of diltiazem and verapamil.

Front 31

WHAT IS THE ENDING OF GENERIC DRUG NAMES BELONGING TOT HE CLASS OF CALCIUM ION ANTAGONISTS?

Back 31

generic drug names of calcium ion antagonists end in "-pine", with the exceptions of diltiazem and verapamil.

Front 32

WHAT IS THE ENDING OF GENERIC DRUG NAMES BELONGING TO THE CLASS OF ALPHA -ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS?

Back 32

generic drug names of alpha -adrenergic blocking agents end in "-azosin"

Front 33

WHAT DO DIURETICS DO?

Back 33

enhances fluid volume excretion, sodium excretion, and vasodilation of peripheral arterioles

Front 34

BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS

Back 34

block beta receptors to inhibit cardiac response to sympathetic nerve stimulation

Front 35

ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYMES ACE INHIBITORS

Back 35

may produce swelling lips and tongue, dyspnea, neutropenia, nephrotoxicity, and or chronic cough

Front 36

CALCIUM ANTAGONISTS

Back 36

block flow of calcium ions across cell membranes