Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the visible external genitalia collectively called?
|
vulva
|
|
|
What are the hair-bearing structures? (Female)
|
Mons Pubis and Labia majora
|
|
|
What does the vestibule contain?
|
Clitoris, external urethral meatus, vaginal introitus and the opening of ducts from the paraurethral glands and greater vestibular (Bartholin's) glands.
|
|
|
What are the three major uterine ligaments formed by the peritoneum?
|
1. Uterosacro ligaments: cervix to sacrum – help define the Pouch of Douglas
2. Cardinal ligaments: cervix to ischial spines – contain uterine vessels 3. Pubocervical ligaments: cervix to pubic symphysis |
|
|
What is the broad ligament?
|
A double layer of peritoneum that sweeps over the uterus, ovaries, and the uterine tubes and attaches to the lateral pelvic walls.
|
|
|
What is the largest portion of the peritoneal cavity and what does it cover?
|
Mesometrium, the mesometrium is the largest portion and covers uterus and the space between the uterus to the ovary
|
|
|
What is the portion between the ovary and fallopian tube and what is the structure that covers the ovary?
|
Mesosalpinx - ovary to fallopian tube
Mesovarium - covers the ovary |
|
|
Where are the round ligaments and what is the male equivalent?
|
It extends from the wall of the uterus across the external iliac vessels to enter the deep inguinal ring and contain the equivalent of male embryonic gubernaculum and the artery of Sampson – the anastomosis of the uterine artery and ovarian artery.
|
|
|
What is the difference between the suspensory ligaments of the ovary and ligaments of the ovary?
|
The suspensory ligaments of the ovary (infundibulopelvic ligament) contain the ovarian vessels and connect the lateral pelvic wall to the lateral edge of the ovary. Those ligaments are different from the ligaments of the ovary, which extend from the medial pole of ovary to the lateral wall of the uterus.
|
|
|
Name the two pouches created by the peritoneum folding
|
Vesicouterine pouch - between bladder and uterus
Pouch of Douglas/Rectouterine pouch |
|
|
Which pouch is in direct contact with the posterior fornix of the vagina?
|
Pouch of Douglas
|
|
|
What are the layers of the uterus from internal to external?
|
Endometrium
Myometrium Perimetrium |
|
|
Which layer of the uterus is shed?
|
Endometrium
|
|
|
What are the structures from superior to inferior in the uterus?
|
Fundus
Body Isthmus Cervix |
|
|
What is endometriosis?
|
a condition where cells from the lining of the uterus (endometrium) grow outside the uterine cavity, specifically in the anterior and posterior cul-de-sac pouches. Since these cells are similarly influenced by hormonal changes, the main symptom is worsening pelvic pain during menstruation.
|
|
|
What is Leiomyomas?
|
They are non-cancerous (benign) tumors of myometrium smooth muscle. These tumors can be situated intramural, subserosal, submucosal, or pedunculated.
|
|
|
How do you treat Leiomyomas?
|
-Myomectomy - remove the fibroid and leaves the uterine intact for future pregnancies
-Hysterectomy - complete removal of uterus -Uterine artery embolization - catheter inserted into external iliac artery and leaves particles that cut off blood supply to the tumor to cause it to shrink |
|
|
What is a bimanual exam (pelvic exam)?
|
the most common exam and involves placing two fingers into the vagina up against the anterior wall while using the other hand on the external pelvis to “sandwich” organs. With this method, it is possible to determine the size, shape, and mobility of the uterus as well as the adnexa (fallopian tubes and ovary).
|
|
|
If the uterus is retroverted, what exam is performed and how?
|
A rectovaginal exam. One finger is placed in the vagina and another in the rectum to palpate the uterus.
|
|
|
What is a cystocele?
|
A cystocele is the protrusion of bladder into the vagina
|
|
|
What is a rectocele?
|
Rectocele is the protrusion of the rectum into the vagina
|
|
|
What is a enterocele?
|
Enterocele is the weakening of the rectovaginal septum leads to herniation of the Pouch of Douglas (usually containing small bowel) between the rectum and vagina.
|
|
|
How many degrees of prolapse are there and describe them?
|
First degree: Prolapse into upper vagina
Second degree: Prolapse to or near the introitus of vagina Third degree: Prolapse through the introitus |
|
|
What is a hysterosalpingogram used for?
|
A hysterosalpingogram can be used to visualize the uterus and adnexa through a cervical insertion of radiopaque contrast. The uterus is continuous with the fallopian tubes, which are open to the peritoneal cavity
|
|
|
What is a Biconcuate uterus?
|
Bicornuate Uterus is a congenital uterine malformation where the fusion process of the upper part of the Müllerian ducts is incomplete.
Can lead to miscarriages and overall infertility |
|
|
What is an incompetent cervix?
|
Incompetent cervix is a weakening and dilation of the cervix that is otherwise supposed to be a tight seal.
Can lead to miscarriages and overall infertility |
|
|
What is the leading cause of maternal mortality?
|
Ectopic pregnancy
|
|
|
What is the purpose of oral methotrexate?
|
It will expel the embryo... Abortion meds similar to RU-486
|
|
|
What is the difference between salpingectomy and salpingostomy?
|
salpingectomy (removal of the fallopian tube along with the ectopic fetus) or salpingostomy (removal of the ectopic fetus only).
|
|
|
What are the two ways of doing a hysterectomy? Which one is less invasive?
|
This surgery can be done transvaginally (less invasive)
or transabdominally. |
|
|
What structures do we need to look out for during a hysterectomy?
|
The ureter and blood supply.....
The ureter runs retroperitoneal down the posterior abdomen wall and crosses the bifurcation of the right common iliac and 2 cm above the bifurcation on the left side. It then continues to proceed medially under the uterine artery (“water under the bridge’). There are three common areas that the ureters can be injured during a pelvic procedure During a hysterectomy, make sure to only ligate the ANTERIOR trunk of the hypogastric artery because the posterior trunk feeds the rectum. |
|
|
What are the three common areas the ureter can be injured during surgery?
|
a. Uterovesical junction: most common site of injury, just prior to the ureter meeting the trigone of the bladder,
b. the junction of the uterine artery and the ureter: as described with “water under the bridge” c. the area of the suspensory ligament of the ovary: the surgeon must ligate the ovarian vessels contained within this ligament. |
|
|
What artery creates the artery of sampson? Where is the artery of sampson?
|
Ovarian ==> Uterine ==> Artery of Sampson
In the round ligament |
|
|
What vessel supplies the suspensory ligaments or ovary?
|
Ovarian
|
|
|
What vessels supply the Cardinal ligament?
|
Uterine
|
|
|
Is the uterine fundus above, at the same level or below the entrance of the fallopian tubes?
|
Fundus is ABOVE the entrance of the fallopian tubes
|
|
|
What is a urethrocele?
|
urethrocele is the protrusion of the urethra into the vagina.
|
|
|
What is the only artery to leave the pelvis above the piriformis muscle?
|
Superior Gluteal Artery
|
|
|
Pathway back from Left Ovarian to the IVC
|
L Ovarian Vein ==> L Renal Vein ==> IVC
|
|
|
What is post-partum hemorrhage?
|
500cc blood loss after vaginal delivery OR
1000cc blood loss after C-section OR drop in hematocrit >10% |
|
|
Where does most cervical cancer occur?
|
90% occur at juncBon between ectocervix and endocervix • Stem-like cells here are very suscepBble to HPV
|
|
|
Difference between the two vaccines Cervarix and Gardasil?
|
Both treat HPV 16 and 18 (the two major strains), Gardasil also treats two other minor strains
|
|
|
How are HPV vaccines made?
|
Reproduce L1 protein from HPV capsid and package it in a virus-like-particle (VLP)
|
