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87 Cards in this Set
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Catal Huyuk
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-first planned city
-turkey -discovered by Mellart -inhumation burial |
http://www.blogcurioso.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/catal-huyuk.jpg
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Stonehenge
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-commemorates death
-calender based on lunar cycles -animistic shrine -John Aubrey finds holes in ground (speculated burial) -tribiation -menhir: standing stone bluestones: light quality |
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Woodhenge
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-Commemorates life
-For Ceremonies in conjunction with Stonehenge |
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Avebury
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-near stonehenge
-speculated to be religious -irregular, but evenly spaces around circle 10x the size of stonehenge |
http://www.sacredsites.com/europe/england/images/stone-ring-avebury-500.jpg
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Silbury
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-near Avebury
-represents belly of pregnant woman and is symbol of fertility -5 layers of rocks |
http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/upload/img_400/Silbury_page_1_image.jpg
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Skarabrae
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-Scotland
-planned community around the same time as stonehenge -corbelling: placing one stone above another, increasing cantilever |
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Saqqara
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-South of cairo
-burial place of Pharaoh Zoser -Architect Imhotep -Imhotep later becomes deified for medical/healing abilities Mastaba: bench in arabic Imhotep builds 5 tiered mastaba |
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Giza
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-ceremonial complex of Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure
-Khufu's pyramid was largest and first, then Khafre -51.5 angle of pyramid -theories on how it was built: like an onion with lots of cladded layers |
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Maydun
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-example of pyramid built from middle outwards
-unfinished pyramid |
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Temple of Hawara
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-robbed temple, giving the idea to Mentuhotep to build in Luxor
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Temple of Mentuhotep
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-Luxor "valley of the Kings and Queens"
-Burial complex for Mentuhotp II -built into mountain wall under "Al Qurn" hornlike pyramidlike mound |
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Deir Al Bahri
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"By the water" in Arabic
-Burial complex for Hatshepsut -Semnut is Hatshepsuts architect ad possible lover --temple is series of terraces -Hypostyle Hall: structure with many columns |
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Temple of Amunra
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Biggest temple
-in luxor -clearastory: short wall which allows light in -impost block: top of column which allows roof to be raised without being seen so it gives the affect that the roof is levitating |
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Temple of Abydos
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-near Luxor
-main temple for Osiris (head is buried) -Osiris was pharaoh who was killed by brother. Wife, Isis, magically revives him but brother kills him again by cutting him into 9 differnt pieces -becomes symbol of egypt, renewal and life built by Seti I -L shaped temple |
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Armarna period
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-new capital during Akenaten's reign
-changed from thebes/luxor -akenaten changed his name to lover of sun -culture changed to monotheistic, sun worshiping. -disk shaped oriented toward sun -son, tutankhamen changes culture and capital back |
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Temple of Abusimebl
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-Temple for ramses II
-ramses II most powerful pharaoh. Extended Egypts borders -four large statues of ramses in the front with wives at his feet |
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City of Knossos
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-capital city
-King Minos -Minotaur: Minos raised prize bull, tries to con zeus by selling him fake. Zeus gets angry and forces mino's wife to mate with cow. -oriented north south -lustral baths -megaron: throne room for king -columns skinny at the bottom, wide at the top -city wiped out by volcanic eruption -mycenae takes minoans as slaves |
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Lion gate (mycenae)
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entryway into the city of mycenae
-logo is an emblem of power -two lions stand on the side of the minoan column tribiation mycenae is a highly military oriented |
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treasury of Atreus
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-used either for storage or for burial
-corbelling: placing one stone above another, increasing the cantilever to create dome without using mortar -Tholos: narrow entryway |
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city of troy
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-city which was leader during time between height of Mycenae and emergence of Greecce
-small -pure speculation |
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Temple of Hera
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-First greek stone temple
-paestum -columns highly curved -entasis: swelling of columns |
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temple of delphi
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-temple of apollo
-parnassus, believed to be mountain where gods lived -oracle |
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Acropolis
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-pericles is a greek leader general who rebuilds parthenon by collecting money from all greek city states
5 main elements: tmeple of Athena Nike, Parthenon, Propylaea, Erectheum, Pinacotheca |
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Propylaea
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gateway designed by Menisicles. has all types of columns to show greece uniting
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Erectheum
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temple of erectheus, founder of greece
caryatids: greek columns in shape of human, supports the theory that columns are based on human structure |
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Panatheneca
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museum/dedication to builders
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temple of athena Nike
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commemorates battle of salinas and faces toward battleground
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parthenon
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Doric order with frieze that depicts panathenaic procession. slight curves lead to perfect appearing proportions, pentelic marble used.
-huge statue of athena inside. -Iktinos and kallikrates. -doric order -8 colums in front instead of 6 to create more of a visual excitement |
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City of Agora
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-Buildings oriented toward path of Panathenaic Procession
-procession: parade through Agora which all Greeks took annualy |
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Temple of Apollo (Bassae)
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-first time in classical greek tradtion that architect looks at building as place to be entered, not a sculpture to be viewed from outside
-frieze tells mythical story of district -architect iktenos -engaged columns -columns are doric outside, ionic inside, and at the end of the hallway there i a corinthian column -doric order |
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Vergina
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-Underground temple built for Alexander the greats father
-inhumation burial: bones left to decay then buried underground |
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Nereid Monument (Xanthos)
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-tribute to courage
-hired greek troops to sneak in and kill Xanthus, Xantheons raise alarm but realize they wont win and all commit suicide |
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Vergina
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-Underground temple built for Alexander the greats father
-inhumation burial: bones left to decay then buried underground |
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Persepolis
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-temple
-unusal archtiecture -many wood and stone pillars -alexander was drunk and burned the temple |
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Nereid Monument (Xanthos)
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-tribute to courage
-hired greek troops to sneak in and kill Xanthus, Xantheons raise alarm but realize they wont win and all commit suicide |
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Pergamon (city)
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-first thing Attalus built was bank, so it at the top of the city with stairs
-altar of zeus focused on individual -national sacrifical altar shows idea that more sacrifices were needed to please gods. blood would drip down steps |
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Persepolis
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-temple
-unusal archtiecture -many wood and stone pillars -alexander was drunk and burned the temple |
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temple of Apollo of Didyma (miletus, turkey)
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-cresmagraphion: where priests would speak ominously to worshiper and their voice would be amplified
-temple is on bottom floor -oracle inside near spring -ganz affect -many columns |
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Pergamon (city)
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-first thing Attalus built was bank, so it at the top of the city with stairs
-altar of zeus focused on individual -national sacrifical altar shows idea that more sacrifices were needed to please gods. blood would drip down steps |
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Halicarnassus (bodrum, turkey)
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-monument built by Mausolus's wife after his death
-statue at top is of him and his wife |
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temple of Apollo of Didyma (miletus, turkey)
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-cresmagraphion: where priests would speak ominously to worshiper and their voice would be amplified
-temple is on bottom floor -oracle inside near spring -ganz affect -many columns |
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Augustus
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-port city
-roman face west to mediterraneans -emperor augustus is successor to caesar -symmetrical to impress -insulae: think brikcs romans used instead of stone so they could fire them faster |
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Halicarnassus (bodrum, turkey)
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-monument built by Mausolus's wife after his death
-statue at top is of him and his wife |
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fortuna primoginia (in augustus)
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-building dedicated to the goddess of fortune
-beginning of the republic architecture, very rigid, severe -signs of archtiecture which would later become prevalent -arches rather than tribiation -theathre uses slope of mountain for support and seats -Pozzoli: substance that, when mixed with sand and water, becomes hard like concrete |
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Augustus
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-port city
-roman face west to mediterraneans -emperor augustus is successor to caesar -symmetrical to impress -insulae: think brikcs romans used instead of stone so they could fire them faster |
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Golden house/Domus Auria
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-Neros home
-build on large plot of city land which was cleared by large fire -after he moved in the senate declare him enemy of the state -hired architect named fabulous -triclinia: three couches inte for three important pople to lie down eating -oculus; place that allows light to come in during day |
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fortuna primoginia (in augustus)
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-building dedicated to the goddess of fortune
-beginning of the republic architecture, very rigid, severe -signs of archtiecture which would later become prevalent -arches rather than tribiation -theathre uses slope of mountain for support and seats -Pozzoli: substance that, when mixed with sand and water, becomes hard like concrete |
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coliseum
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-sports arena
-flavian ampitheater -built on top of buried nero house -commisioned by emperor flavius -floor was wood packed with sand which could absorb blood -columns are dict. -bela: canvs top |
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Golden house/Domus Auria
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-Neros home
-build on large plot of city land which was cleared by large fire -after he moved in the senate declare him enemy of the state -hired architect named fabulous -triclinia: three couches inte for three important pople to lie down eating -oculus; place that allows light to come in during day |
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coliseum
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-sports arena
-flavian ampitheater -built on top of buried nero house -commisioned by emperor flavius -floor was wood packed with sand which could absorb blood -columns are dict. -bela: canvs top |
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Ara Pacis
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-sacrifical altar
-frieze to respect courage -means "era of peace" -squar plan |
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Hadrian Villa
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-emperor Hadrians house for philosophical discussion getaways
-concrete wall enclosed in brick -relieving arches took load off of main arch -bathouses for cleaning and socializing -tree distinct parts of bathhouse -the caldarium (hot bath), Tepidarium (warm bath), frigidarium (cold chamber) -bring back items from his travel Natatio: place to rest |
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Pantheon (rome)
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pan: all
theon: gods more so a temple to rome than to gods -designed by Hadrian but finished by Agrippa -based on circle axis mundi: idea of centrality coffers: accordion like panel allows builders to have lighter section to take of load |
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teatro Di Marcello
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used to be theater
-converted to housing block -arches allowed romans to build theater on flat land instead of like greeks, who had to build on sloped |
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Pont du Gard
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-most famous aqueduct, used for transporting water form miles away
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Basilica (trier, germany)
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first used as a courthouse, then converted to church when christianity gained popularity
-built by constantine |
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Maison Carre
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-best remaining temples which still stands
-imposing, designed to impress with facade |
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Baalbek and the Temple of Venus
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-creativity in building organization
-broke away from greek model -impressive to make poeple fear |
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Diocletians Palace
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-aka Spoleto
-aristotle was tutor to constantine -constantine changed capital from rome to constantinople cardomaximus: north-south axis Decumanus: east- west axis |
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consantinople
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-todays instnbul
-during byzantine empire -tri walled barrier around city |
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ravenna
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-capital city of western rome after rome falls
-galla placidia -theodoric mausoleum -san vitale -chrisitian city -martyrian form |
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Hagia Sophia (istanbul)
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-anthemius and isodorus
-Basilica form (axial) to martyrian (centralized) -half domes that take the spreading force -pendentive: sloping shoulder which connects arches to dome ceiling -squinch: rectangular base to circular dome |
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topkapi palace (istanbul)
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Mehmed takes over
-series of courtyards |
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Mecca (city)
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Ka'ba central black cube which houses holy artifacts
-makkah al mukkaramah: transliterative spelling of Mecca -holiest site of Islam -tawa: curcular path around Kaba pilgrims take -Ali Quapu: shah's seat for polo matches and other main courtyard activities. Located strategically by city gate -sharia law: law dictated by Qua'ran -Hajaz: high desert area |
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Medina (city
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-also known as madinah al munnawarah
-2nd holiest site in islam -burial place of muhammad -oval shaped with four gates |
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Haram al sharif (jerusalem)
-dome of the rock |
holy complex: temple mount
-3rd holliest site in muslim traditions -contains dome of rock |
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the great mosque
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tomb of st. john the baptist inside
-tomb of saladin -built during umayyad caliphate -iwan: covered alcove -Qibla: direction that should be faced when a muslim prays, facing mecca -wodo: washing ritual required before prayer |
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lutfallah mosqu
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-commisioned by shah abbas I
-Timurid: people led by Timur these people captured Isphahan |
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Alhambra Spain
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-4 seperate houses said to seperate four wives
-courtyard of lions |
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cairo
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-egypt
-included mosque madrassa of sultan hassan -jawhar: sicilian city planner of cairo -three part arch form |
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Samaara (iraq)
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-capital of the abbasid caliphate
-moved there from baghdad after mamluk riots -architect: al mutawak -malwiya: spiral minaret -replicated tower of babel |
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Palenque (city)
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chiapas, Mexico
-temple of inscriptions: mortuary shrine for pacal -three pyramid complex: temple fo the cross, foliated, and of the sun -built by pacal the great to solidify his positionas ruler -kan balh am: son of pacal built the three pyramid ceremonial complex after his father |
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Chichen-itza
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yucatan, mexico
-northern mayan city which became very important after fall of palenque/calakmul -el castillo: main chichen itza building -built according to solar calender snake created through shadow |
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Uxmal
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-the palace of the governors
-Yucatan, Mexico -Pucc style: ornate architecture pre classical -horizontal datum |
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el carcol
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-observatory orientated toward venus
-snail chichen itza, yuctan, mexico -located by souther cenote |
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tikal
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-guatemala
-largest mayan city -temple of the jaguar rivaled calakmul -temple of jaguar: giant pyramid facing setting sun built by Yikin Chan |
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Cenote
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natural sinkholes
place used for sacrifical to gods young children jewelry |
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palatine chapel (aachen)
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-no saint buried here
-church for worshipping charlemagne remains -center of holy roman empire -martyrian form steps seperate gender |
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st. michaels church
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-oldest churches built around 100 ad
-hildesheim, germany - |
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lorsch abbey
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-germnay
-attempt to replicate roman arches interest in pattern and color |
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hospice at Beaune
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-hospitals became associated with churches and monasteries
-half timbering: method of building using wooden crossbracing and filling the spaces with plaster to create the actual wall |
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carcassonne
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-castle town in southern france
-typical medieval city -castle within town -wall around town as well as a moat -donjon: place of last resort -parvis: place of gathering |
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church of st. foy
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-romanesque cathedral
-conques, southern france -serves to be a symbol of god and the people -basilica plan -inability to span large spaces with arches -chebet: hallway for pilgrims to walk -latin cross plan: nave transcept and apse at eastern and create cross shape towers on top -rib vaults |
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st. philibert church
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-tournus, france
-benedictine abbey -tried to expand the pace monastery -equal amount of force in every square inch of wall -simple archtiecture -cross vaults -cenobicit: isolated |
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canigou
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-islated
-pyrenne mountains -spain -refectory to church -simple predictable life -cluney order |
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monestary of fonte
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-typical monastery form of walking from refectory to church with dormitories on side
-cloister: courtyard center |
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mont saint michel
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-man made mountain of buildings
-off the coast of brittany in france -wide columns at bottom to support mountain volume |
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