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152 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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According to drive reduction theory, _______ are associated with some type of drive reduction.
a) primary punishers b) primary reinforcers c) all punishers d) all reinforcers |
D) ALL REINFORCERS
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If you check your phone to see if you have texxt messages, you sometimes have one. You can't make text messages come faster by checking more frequently! Which of the following schedules of reinforcement fits this example?
a) variable interval b) variable ratio c) variable interval d) fixed ratio |
C) VARIABLE INTERVAL
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Being paid to study is a(n)______ reinforcer for studying
a) natural b) contrived c) extrinsic and contrived d) extrinsic |
C) EXTRINSIC AND CONTRIVED
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Kyle's mother tells him: "If you don't clean your room, you won't get to watch television." This can be classified as what type of contingency?
a) negative reinforcement b) positive reinforcement c) extinction d) positive punishment |
B) POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
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Melissa stayed out past her curfew and subsequently lost car privileges for a week. As a result, she never again stayed out past her curfew. This example bests illustrates the process of
a) negative reinforcement b) negative punishment c) positive reinforcement d) positive punishment |
B) NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT
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Which of the following types of schedules is entirely response contingent?
a) interval schedules b) variable schedules c) ratio schedules d) fixed schedules |
C) RATIO SCHEDULES
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Rebecca finds that if she persistently pesters her mother to buy her a toy, she sometimes gets what she wants. Rebecca's pestering behavior is being reinforced on a(n) ________ schedule
a) continuous b) fixed interval c) intermittent d) variable time |
C) INTERMITTENT
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Thorndike argued that animal intelligence could only be studied using
a) analogy to human intelligence b) anecdotal evidence c) systematic investigation d) ethological approaches |
C) SYSTEMATIC INVESTIGATION
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Freud believed that humans are motivated to seek pleasure and avoid pain. This notion accords most closely with ______ definition of ___
a) Thorndike; operant conditioning b) Skinner; law of effect c) Thorndike; law of effect d) Skinner; operant conditioning |
C) THORNDIKE'S LAW OF EFFECT
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In order to overcome her addiction to hamburgers, Shelia imagines that the meat contains ground cockroaches. What therapeutic technique is she attempting to use?
a) desensitization b) covert conditioning c) flooding d) in vivo aversive conditioning |
B) COVERT CONDITIONING
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Immediately after Gina was stung by a hornet, she was as likely to run away from houseflies as from hornets, which is an example of stimulus ___________
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GENERALIZATION
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Among the four basic intermittent schedules, fixed schedules are more likely to produce _______ than variable schedules, and ratio schedules are more likely to produce _____ than interval schedules
a) lower rate of response; post-reinforcement pauses b) higher rates of response; post-reinforcement pauses c) post-reinforcement pauses; lower rates of response d) post-reinforcement pauses; higher rates of response |
D) POST-REINFORCEMENT PAUSES; HIGHER RATES OF RESPONSE
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The three steps in systematic desensitization include
a) creation of a hierarchy of progressively more fearful scenes b) training in deep muscle relaxation c) both a and b d) neither a nor b |
C) BOTH A AND B (CREATION OF HIERARCHY OF PROGRESSIVELY MORE FEARFUL SCENES AND TRAINING IN DEEP MUSCLE RELAXATION)
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With in vivo desensitization, the phobic stimulus is presented
a) in reality b) subliminally c) with sudden intensity d) in imaginary form |
A) IN REALITY
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Shaping is the
a) gradual reinforcement of new operant behavior b) creation of new behavior through gradual reinforcement c) reinforcement of new operant behavior d) reinforcement of gradual approximations to a new behavior |
D) REINFORCEMENT OF GRADUAL APPROXIMATIONS TO A NEW BEHAVIOR
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In _______ conditioning, it is what comes _______ the behavior that is critical
a) operant; after b) classical; after c) instrumental; before d) both b and c are correct |
A) OPERANT; AFTER
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In a certain experiment, reinforcement is contingent upon each response being separated by at least a certain period of time. This sounds like a _______ schedule.
a) DRP b) DRL c) DRH d) DRO |
B) DRL
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Steady-state behaviors are produced when
a) the organism has been exposed to a non-contingent schedule b) the organism has been exposed to a VR schedule c) the organism is highly familiar with the schedule of reinforcement d) the organism has been exposed to a CRF schedule |
C) THE ORGANISM IS HIGHLY FAMILIAR WITH THE SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT
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A schedule of reinforcement is the
a) pattern of behavior that results from a certain response requirement b) intensity of reinforcement c) magnitude of reinforcement d) the response requirement that must be met to attain a reinforcer |
D) THE RESPONSE REQUIREMENT THAT MUST BE MET TO ATTAIN A REINFORCER
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A spanking is a punisher if it
a) follows a behavior b) precede a behavior c) decreases the probability of a behavior d) both follows a behavior and decreases the probability of a behavior |
D) BOTH FOLLOWS A BEHAVIOR AND DECREASES THE PROBABILITY OF A BEHAVIOR
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Horst desperately wanted to be a writer. He sent out hundreds of short-story manuscripts but sold only two. He no longer tries to be a writer. This is best described as an example of
a) stretching the ratio b) the goal gradient effect c) ratio strain d) extinction |
C) RATIO STRAIN
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A multiple schedule is useful for investigating
a) stimulus control b) spontaneous recovery c) habituation d) resurgence |
A) STIMULUS CONTROL
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It is difficult to study on the weekend because the reinforcers for studying are often ______, while the reinforcers for having fun are _______
a) secondary; primary b) primary; secondary c) delayed; immediate d) immediate; delayed |
C) DELAYED; IMMEDIATE
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Jumper, the Betta splendens that Russ has in his office, first learned to approach the toothpick in order to get food. Once this was accomplished, it then had to tap it with its snout to get food. This is an example of a(n)_______ schedule of reinforcement.
a) adjusting b) multiple c) conjunctive d) DRH |
A) ADJUSTING
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Among the following schedules, resistance to extinction will likely be strongest following reinforcement on a(n)______ schedule
a) FR 5 b) FR 20 c) FR 100 d) CRF |
C) FR 100
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The most important factor influencing resistance to extinction is the _____ of reinforcement prior to extinction
a) magnitude b) delay c) frequency d) schedule |
D) SCHEDULE
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According to the ________ effect, behavior that has been maintained on an intermittent schedule of reinforcement will be more persistent during extinction than behavior that has been maintained on a continuous schedule
a) intermittent schedule b) resurgence c) partial reinforcement d) response persistence |
C) PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT
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What motivates a pigeon in an operant conditioning experiment to continue to respond throughout the early links in a chained schedule?
a) primary reinforcers in the form of food at the end of each link b) primary reinforcers in the form of changes in key color at the end of each link c) secondary reinforcers in the form of changes in key color at the end of each link d) generalized reinforcers in the form of changes in key color at the end of each link |
C) SECONDARY REINFORCERS IN THE FORM OF CHANGES IN KEY COLOR AT THE END OF EACH LINK
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Extrinsic rewards are likely to raise intrinsic interest when they are
a) given for high quality performance b) expected c) nonverbal d) both nonverbal and expected |
A) GIVEN FOR HIGH QUALITY PERFORMANCE
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A(n)________ response results in the termination of an aversive stimulus
a) primary b) escape c) avoidance d) reflexive |
B) ESCAPE
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The letters CRF refer to a(n)_________ schedule of reinforcement
a) continuous b) contingent c) intermittent d) contaminated |
A) CONTINUOUS
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The stable behavior patterns produced by particular reinforcement schedules are known as
a) fixed-state patterns b) steady-state behaviors c) steady-rate behaviors d) fixed-rate patterns |
B) STEADY-STATE BEHAVIORS
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On what type of schedule does one reinforce the occurrence of an even, steady rate of response?
a) DRL b) DRH c) DRP d) DRO |
C) DRP
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According to the behavioral bliss point approach, a rat will ideally distribute its behavior so as to
a) balance the amount of reinforcement from different sources b) vary the amount of reinforcement from different sources c) maximize overall reinforcement d) minimize overall punishment |
C) MAXIMIZE OVERALL REINFORCEMENT
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A(n)______ reinforcer is one that has become a reinforcer because it is associated with some other reinforcer
a) unconditioned b) secondary c) both primary and unconditioned d) primary |
B) SECONDARY
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When Lisa's mother stopped paying attention to her tantrums, Lisa began whimpering and tugging at her mother's skirt, just like she used to do when she was little. This seems to be an example of
a) response induction b) frustration c) spontaneous recovery d) resurgence |
D) RESURGENCE
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Increases in emotional behavior, aggression and resurgence are side effects of
a) punishment b) errorless-discrimination c) intermittent reinforcement d) extinction |
D) EXTINCTION
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The reappearance during extinction of other behaviors that had previously been effective in attaining reinforcement is known as
a) resurgence b) response induction c) spontaneous recorvery d) extinction induction |
A) RESURGENCE
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Superstitious behavior is most likely to develop on a(n) _______ schedule of reinforcement
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VT
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Skinner's operant conditioning procedure became known as a(n)_______ procedure because _______
a) intrumental; the animal is free to enter or leave the chamber b) adjunctive; the experimenter is free to observe the rat's behavior c) instrumental; the consequences are free d) free operant; the animal is free to respond at any rate |
D) FREE OPERANT; THE ANIMAL IS FREE TO RESPOND AT ANY RATE
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Errorless discrimination training is a procedure that reduces
a) both the number of errors associated with discrimination training and many of the adverse effects of discrimination training b) many of the adverse effects of discrimination training c) the number of errors associated with discrimination training d) the number of errors associated with generalization training |
A) BOTH THE NUMBER OF ERRORS ASSOCIATED WITH DISCRIMINATION TRAINING AND MANY OF THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF DISCRIMINATION TRAINING
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A relatively steep generalization gradient indicates
a) strong discrimination b) strong generalization c) both strong generalization and weak discrimination d) weak discrimination |
A) STRONG DISCRIMINATION
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In the three term contingency, the antecedent is the
a) conditioned stimulus b) reinforcer c) operant response d) discriminative stimulus |
D) DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS
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According to the preparatory-response theory of conditioning, the purpose of the _______ is to enable the organism to get ready for the ________
a) UR; US b) CR; US c) NS; US d) CR; CS |
B) CR; US
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Behaviors that are motivated by some added incentive are said to be _______ motivated
a) extrinsically b) extraneously c) hedonically d) intrinsically |
A) EXTRINSICALLY
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Which of the following is absolutely necessary, in order to train an animal to "sniff out" tumors or other health problems?
a) the patient must have a clinically significant symptom b) the animal must be bonded with the subject c) the patient must be aware of the onset of symptoms or discomfort d) the animal must discriminate between healthy and unhealthy samples |
D) THE ANIMAL MUST DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN HEALTHY AND UNHEALTHY SAMPLES
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Erik dated Mandy, who was a brunette, for about six months. He found Mandy nice, but rather boring. He then dated Angele, who was very spontaneous, funny and exciting and had reddish-brown hair. Now that he and Angele have broken up, Erik goes out with his friends on the weekends and only approaches girls with red hair. Erik’s friend, the behaviorist, suggests that this trend is a result of the _____________ effect.
a) peak shift b) shaping c) systematic desensitization d) partial reinforcement |
A) PEAK SHIFT
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A treatment method that involves prolonged exposure to a feared stimulus is
a) reality therapy b) systematic desensitization c) flooding d) in vivo desensitization |
C) FLOODING
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According to Pavlov’s stimulus-substitution theory, the ____ acts as a substitute for the ____.
a) CS; NS b) US; CS c) CS; US d) NS; US |
C) CS; US
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Your new puppy has an annoying habit of chewing the rug. One way of using stimulus control to eliminate this behavior would be to
a) train the behavior to occur on cue b) positively punish the occurrence of this behavior c) rapidly alternate the cues associated with it d) negatively punish the occurrence of this behavior |
A) TRAIN THE BEHAVIOR TO OCCUR ON CUE
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Valentine (1930) was unable to produce a phobia in his young daughter by blowing a loud whistle when she touched certain objects. He speculated that this was because
a) the whistle wasn't loud enough b) his daughter was too young to be conditioned c) it is difficult to condition a fear response using an auditory stimulus d) the objects were ones that people are not naturally inclined to fear |
D) THE OBJECTS WERE ONES THE PEOPLE ARE NOT NATURALLY INCLINED TO FEAR
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In the Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert, the rat was
a) initially the NS b) the US c) initially the CS d) the UR |
A) INITIALLY THE NS
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The term "positive punishment" refers to the ____ of a stimulus following a response which then leads to a(n) ____ in the future strength of that response.
a) presentation; decrease b) presentation; increase c) removal; decrease d) removal; increase |
A) PRESENTATION; DECREASE
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With respect to the four types of contingencies, add is to subtract as ____ is to ____.
a) desire; hate b) hate; desire c) negative; positive d) positive; negative |
D) POSITIVE; NEGATIVE
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During the Second World War, a major predictor of whether children developed an intense fear of air raids was whether their mothers
a) failed to comfort them when they were fearful b) paid attention to them for being afraid c) were divorced d) were fearful of air raids |
D) WERE FEARFUL OF AIR RAIDS
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Aaron is much more reactive to loud noises and sudden events than Kevin is. Using the terminology provided in the text, we would say that there seems to be a difference in ____ between the two children, which has probably to a large extent been ____.
a) temperament; learned b) preparedness; inherited c) preparedness; learned d) temperament; inherited |
D) TEMPERAMENT; INHERITED
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According to the compensatory-response model of conditioning, if a certain drug has a tendency to increase blood pressure, then just being in an environment associated with taking the drug may
a) decrease blood pressure b) cause wide fluctuations in blood pressure c) further increase blood pressure d) stabilize blood pressure |
A) DECREASE BLOOD PRESSURE
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Classical conditioning of compensatory responses provides evidence for which of the following theories of conditioning?
a) stimulus-substitution theory b) S-R c) preparatory-response theory d) R-S |
C) PREPARATORY-RESPONSE THEORY
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According to the S-R model of conditioning, the CS should elicit
a) an anticipatory response b) the same response as the UR c) a different response from the UR d) a preparatory response |
B) THE SAME RESPONSE AS THE UR
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Mohammed is becoming increasingly grumpy, probably because his girlfriend pays extra attention to him when he behaves that way. Which of the following procedures would be most effective in eliminating his grumpiness?
a) DRH b) DRP c) DRL d) DRO |
D) DRO
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One explanation for the peak shift effect is that the SD is perceived as
a) overly salient b) quite dissimilar from the S(delta) c) somewhat similar to the S(delta) d) nonsalient |
C) SOMEWHAT SIMILAR TO THE S(DELTA)
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Which of the following most clearly reflects the need to be persistent in order to eliminate a behavior pattern?
a) a DRO schedule b) a DRI schedule c) the peak shift effect d) spontaneous recovery |
D) SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY
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Properly speaking, operant behavior is said to be ____ by ____.
a) emitted; stimuli b) elicited; the organism c) emitted; the organism d) elicited; stimuli |
C) EMITTED; THE ORGANISM
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Kierran spends approximately 3 hours per day playing video games and approximately 20 minutes per day doing chores. If Kierran’s mother tells him to play video games when he completes his chores, then she is employing the ______________ whereas if she restricts video game play and only allows him to play video games if he does his chores then she is employing the ___________________.
a) incentive motivation theory; Premack principle b) Premack principle; response deprivation hypothesis c) Premack principle; drive-reduction theory d) response deprivation hypothesis; Premack principle |
B) PREMACK PRINCIPLE; RESPONSE DEPRIVATION HYPOTHESIS
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According to the ____, a more frequent behavior can serve as a reinforcer for a less frequent behavior.
a) behavioral bliss point approach b) response deprivation hypothesis c) Premack principle d) CAM theory |
C) PREMACK PRINCIPLE
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To establish good stimulus control over your studying, you should
a) punish yourself for daydreaming b) force yourself to study even when it is difficult to concentrate c) leave the study area when you are beginning to daydream d) switch to a new task when you are beginning to daydream |
C) LEAVE THE STUDY AREA WHEN YOU ARE BEGINNING TO DAYDREAM
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Which procedure is most likely to produce an inflexible behavior pattern that will be difficult to alter at a later point in time?
a) stimulus control b) repeated sessions of extinction alternated with a rich schedule of primary reinforcers c) errorless discrimination training d) differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior |
C) ERRORLESS DISCRIMINATION TRAINING
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Suzie once encountered a snake in the woods near town, and as a result developed a strong fear of those woods. Later, however, she learned that there are no snakes in those woods, and that what she thought was a snake must have instead been a branch lying on the ground. If her fear reaction was based on an ____ association, then her fear of the woods should now ____.
a) S-S; remain unchanged b) S-R; decrease c) S-R; remain unchanged d) both a and b are true |
C) S-R; REMAIN UNCHANGED
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When I banged on the heating pipe, it stopped making a noise. The next time I heard that noise, I immediately banged on the pipe. This seems to be an example of
a) negative punishment b) positive punishment c) positive reinforcement d) negative reinforcement |
D) NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
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Discrimination training involves
a) reinforcing a behavior in the presence of one stimulus and not another b) continual exposure to one stimulus only c) sequential exposure to many different stimuli d) fading of the SD |
A) REINFORCING A BEHAVIOR IN THE PRESENCE OF ONE STIMULUS AND NOT ANOTHER
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John yells at his dog whenever it barks. As a result, the dog begins barking even more frequently. This is an example of
a) negative reinforcement b) positive punishment c) positive reinforcement d) negative punishment |
C) POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
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Andre praises his young daughter for being assertive, after which she becomes even more assertive. This is an example of
a) positive reinforcement b) negative reinforcement c) positive punishment d) negative punishment |
A) POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
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The pigeon must turn circles continuously for an average of 10 seconds in order to earn access to food. This is an example of a _____ schedule.
a) variable interval b) variable duration c) variable ratio d) variable time |
C) VARIABLE DURATION
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This schedule generally produces a high rate of response with little or no postreinforcement pause.
a) fixed ration b) fixed interval c) variable interval d) variable ratio |
D) VARIABLE RATIO
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This schedule produces a high rate of response along with a short pause following the attainment of each reinforcer.
a) fixed interval b) variable ratio c) fixed ratio d) variable interval |
C) FIXED RATIO
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Anson worked very hard at his courses at the start of the term. Unfortunately, he received only mediocre marks. As a result, by the end of the term, he was hardly studying. This seems to be an example of
a) contingency burn-out b) reinforcement noncontingency c) response deprivation d) ratio strain |
D) RATIO STRAIN
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Alfred throws severe temper tantrums in order to receive attention. This suggests that the tantrums might be effectively reduced by delivering the attention on a(n) ____ schedule.
a) continuous b) contingent c) intermittent d) noncontingent |
D) NONCONTINGENT
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A CRF schedule can also be labeled as a(n) ____ schedule.
a) FI 1 b) VR 1 c) FT 1 d) FR 1 |
D) FR1
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An extremely hungry person would most easily identify with which approach to reinforcement?
a) the Premack principle b) two process theory c) the response deprivation hypothesis d) drive reduction theory |
D) DRIVE REDUCTION THEORY
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The rat’s home cage is strongly associated with food, water, warmth, and safety. As a result, the opportunity to enter the home cage can likely function as a(n) ____ reinforcer.
a) preconditioned b) unconditioned c) primary d) generalized |
D) GENERALIZED
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The process of reinforcing gradual approximations to a new behavior is known as
a) graduated reinforcement b) shaping c) chaining d) fading |
B) SHAPING
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It is difficult to eat a healthy diet because the reinforcers for healthy eating are often ____, while the reinforcers for eating junk food are ____.
a) extrinsic; intrinsic b) immediate; delayed c) intrinsic; extrinsic d) delayed; immediate |
D) DELAYED; IMMEDIATE
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Skinner’s restatement of Thorndike’s law of effect is
a) less mentalistic b) less precise c) more mentalistic d) both less mentalistic and less precise |
A) LESS MENTALISTIC
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According to Thorndike’s law of effect, behaviors leading to a(n) ____ state of affairs are stamped in, while behaviors leading to a(n) ____ state of affairs are stamped out.
a) regular; irregular b) annoying; satisfactory c) satisfactory; annoying d) irregular; regular |
C) SATISFACTORY; ANNOYING
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Researchers have found that monkeys can develop fear reactions through observational learning when the feared object is a ____ event.
a) fear-relevant b) fear-irrelevant c) both a and b d) none of the above; observational learning does not occur in monkeys |
A) FEAR-RELEVANT
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According to ____ theory, the CR should be quite similar to the UR.
a) Rescorla-Wagner b) stimulus-stimulus c) stimulus-substitution d) preparatory response |
C) STIMULUS- SUBSTITUTION
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Suzie once encountered a snake in the woods near town, and as a result developed a strong fear of those woods. Later, however, she learned that there are no snakes in those woods, and that what she thought was a snake must have instead been a branch lying on the ground. As a result, she immediately lost her fear of the woods. This suggests that Suzie's fear of the woods must have been based on an _______ association
a) S-R b) S-S c) R-R d) R-S |
B) S-S
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An event is a(n) ______________ if it follows a behavior, and the future probability of that behavior decreases.
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PUNISHER
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Stimulus control procedures for treating insomnia include
a) go to bed at the same time every night regardless of how sleepy you are b) use the bed only for sleeping or sex c) get out of bed in the morning only when you no longer feel sleepy d) all of these |
B) USE THE BED ONLY FOR SLEEPING AND SEX
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Forcing yourself to play a computer game to which you are addicted until you are absolutely hate it is an example of
a) aversion therapy b) implosive therapy c) flooding d) covert sensitization |
A) AVERSION THERAPY
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According to the ______, a behavior can be turned into a reinforcer by restricting its occurrence such that it drops below its baseline level of occurrence.
a) behavioral bliss point approach b) Premack principle c) response deprivation hypothesis d) drive reduction theory |
C) RESPONSE DEPRIVATION HYPOTHESIS
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Suppose a child typically spends two hours a day watching television. A parent then allows the child only 30 minutes of free television a day, as a result of which the child is now willing to work (e.g., clean up her room) to obtain more access to television. This example best describes
a) the response deprivation hypothesis b) intrinsic motivation theory c) learned industriousness theory d) the Premack principle |
A) THE RESPONSE DEPRIVATION HYPOTHESIS
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Extrinsic rewards are less likely to damage intrinsic interest when they are
a) expected b) verbal c) delivered contingent upon mere performance of the activity d) all of these |
B) VERBAL
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A pigeon’s response is reinforced on an orange key but not a yellow key. In a test of the generalization gradient, the strongest response will likely be to a(n)
a) orange key b) reddish-orange key c) yellow key d) yellowish-orange key |
B) REDDISH-ORANGE KEY
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Skinner divided behaviors into two categories:
a) conditioned and unconditioned b) operant and respondent c) primary and secondary d) operant and instrumental |
B) OPERANT AND RESPONDENT
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When Mehgan lived in Vancouver, she dated Mike who was quite uneducated, and David who was moderately educated. She had a boring time with Mike and a great time with David. She then moved to Dallas and set her sights on meeting someone new. According to the ______________________ effect, we would expect her to be most interested in meeting someone (as educated as/more educated than) ________________________ David.
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PEAK SHIFT; MORE EDUCATED THAN
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Important aspects of errorless discrimination training include
a) the S(delta) is introduced late in training b) the S(delta) is presented in strong form to being with c) the SD is introduced late in training d) the S(delta) is presented in weak form to begin with |
D) THE S(DELTA) IS PRESENTED IN WEAK FORM TO BEGIN WITH
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The term ____ refers to the removal of a stimulus following a response which then leads to a decrease in the future strength of that response.
a) negative punishment b) negative reinforcement c) positive punishment d) positive reinforcement |
A) NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT
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The term ____ refers to the presentation of a stimulus following a response which then leads to an increase in the future strength of that response.
a) negative punishment b) negative reinforcement c) positive punishment d) positive reinforcement |
D) POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
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When the commander yells "Charge!", all of his troops climb out of the trench and start running toward the enemy. The behavior of these troops is obviously under strong ______________ control.
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STIMULUS
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When Courtney closes her books at the end of a study session, her mother tells her how proud she is of the effort she puts into her classes. How might this comment by Courtney’s mother increase the likelihood that Courtney will study tomorrow night?
a) it is a negative reinforcer, which increases the likelihood of the behavior of studying b) it is a positive reinforcer, which increased the likelihood of the behavior of studying c) it is an immediate reinforced, whereas the delayed reinforced of good grades may be insufficient to increase the probability of studying d) both b and c |
D) BOTH B AND C
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Suppose you are waiting for the 6:00 news on TV. Every so often, you take a quick glance at the clock to see if it is now 6:00. The frequency with which you look at the clock will most likely resemble the response pattern produced by what schedule of reinforcement?
a) variable interval b) variable ratio c) fixed interval d) fixed ratio |
C) FIXED INTERVAL
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The parrot always squawks when its owner enters the room. This is best described as an example of
a) stimulus control b) stimulus generalization c) generalization gradient d) experimental neurosis |
A) STIMULUS CONTROL
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Spontaneous recovery is associated with the process of
a) both classical conditioning and operant conditioning b) classical conditioning c) operant conditioning d) fixed action patterns |
A) BOTH CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING
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Theresa and Max are each attempting to eliminate the behavior whining for attention in their daughters. Theresa ignores her daughter when she is whining. Max responds to whining with the statement "I’ll talk to you when you can speak to me politely." He then ignores any subsequent whining. Theresa is using a(n) ____________ procedure while Max is using _____________________.
a) punishment; extinction b) DRO; functional communication training c) extinction; functional communication training d) extinction; systematic correction |
C) EXTINCTION; FUNCTIONAL COMMUNICATION TRAINING
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When a rat is first exposed to a new schedule of reinforcement in an operant chamber, the behavior is initially ______________, but becomes more ____________ over time. The latter pattern is known as a __________________.
a) variable; constant; CRF b) varied; stable; CRF c) varied; stable; steady-state behavior d) constant; variable; steady-state behavior |
C) VARIED; STABLE; STEADY-STATE BEHAVIOR
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Valentine (1930) was unable to replicate Watson and Rayner’s results when he attempted to condition his little daughter to become fearful of some inanimate objects. This provided some of the earliest evidence for the importance of ____ in phobic development.
a) observational learning b) incubation c) selective sensitization d) preparedness |
D) PREPAREDNESS
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In general, ____ schedules produce higher rates of responding than ____ schedules.
a) FR; VR b) FI; VI c) FR; FI d) VI; VR |
C) FR; FI
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A longer history of reinforcement tends to
a) first increase and then decrease resistance to extinction b) have no effect on resistance to extinction c) decrease resistance to extinction d) increase resistance to extinction |
D) INCREASE RESISTANCE TO EXTINCTION
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The degree of deprivation is ____ related to resistance to extinction.
a) unpredictably b) inversely c) not d) directly |
D) DIRECTLY
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Curtis finds that his girlfriend is quite uncommunicative this morning. Given what we know about the side effects of extinction, which of the following behavior patterns would we expect Curtis to display?
a) an increase in his attempts to communicate with her b) both a decrease in the variability of what he is saying to her and an increase in attempts to communicate with her c) a decrease in the variability of what he is saying to her d) neither a decrease in the variability of what he is saying to her nor an increase in his attempts to communicate with her |
A) AN INCREASE IN HIS ATTEMPTS TO COMMUNICATE WITH HER
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Karen is upset with her husband Rick, and as a result she is not laughing at his knock-knock jokes over dinner. Given what we know about the side effects of extinction, what might we expect Rick to do?
a) become agitated b) start telling different types of jokes c) telling different types of jokes and becoming agitated are both possible d) give up telling jokes immediately |
C) TELLING DIFFERENT TYPES OF JOKES AND BECOMING AGITATED ARE BOTH POSSIBLE
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With ____, there are few worries about whether the treatment effect will generalize to the real world.
a) flooding b) imaginary desensitization c) in vivo desensitization d) covert sensitization |
C) IN VIVO DESENSITIZATION
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Mary Cover Jones (1924) was able to eliminate Peter’s rabbit phobia by
a) placing the rabbit in Peter's lap for long periods of time b) pairing the presentation of the rabbit with relaxation c) both a and b d) neither a nor b |
D) NEITHER A NOR B
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According to the S-R model of conditioning, the
a) the CR becomes associated with the US b) NS becomes associated with the US c) the UR becomes associated with the NS d) the NR becomes associated with the CS |
C) THE UR BECOMES ASSOCIATED WITH THE NS
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According to the compensatory-response model of drug tolerance, in a conditioning trial in which cues are paired with drug administration, the US is ______________ and the UR is ________________.
a) the sight of the drug; the physiological reaction to the drug b) the compensatory response to the drug; the primary effect of the drug c) the primary effect of the drug on the body; the compensatory response to the primary effect d) the b-process; the a-process |
C) THE PRIMARY EFFECT OF THE DRUG ON THE BODY; THE COMPENSATORY RESPONSE TO THE PRIMARY EFFECT
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The compensatory-response model of conditioning predicts that it will be easier for someone to quit smoking
a) gradually b) in an environment not related to smoking c) suddenly d) in a smoking-related environment |
B) IN AN ENVIRONMENT NOT RELATED TO SMOKING
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What is the relationship between a contingency of reinforcement and the behavioral bliss point?
a) it usually has little effect on reaching a behavioral bliss point b) it can prevent an animal from reaching its behavioral bliss point c) it represents the animal's behavioral bliss point d) it moves an animal toward its behavioral bliss point |
B) IT CAN PREVENT AN ANIMAL FROM REACHING ITS BEHAVIORAL BLISS POINT
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Which schedule produces a cumulative response pattern that is upwardly curved?
a) variable ratio b) fixed interval c) variable interval d) fixed ratio |
B) FIXED INTERVAL
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One explanation for the peak shift effect is that the animal is responding in terms of the _____ values of the stimuli rather than the _____ values.
a) absolute; relative b) relative; absolute c) salience; intensity d) intensity; salience |
B) RELATIVE; ABSOLUTE
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A _____ gradient is a depiction of the strength of responding across stimuli that vary in their similarity to an SD or CS.
a) stimulus concordance b) similarity c) discrimination d) generalization |
D) GENERALIZATION
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Amelie ignores her son when he talks with his mouth full, and she speaks to him when he talks to her after he has finished chewing. This is an example of a ______ procedure.
a) DRP b) DRL c) DRO d) DRH
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C) DRO
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A contingency of reinforcement means that
a) a reinforcer is followed by a response b) a response is followed by a reinforcer c) a response is elicited by an SD d) a response is elicited by a reinforcer |
B) A RESPONSE IS FOLLOWED BY A REINFORCER
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Whenever possible, Boris likes to work four hours in the morning and then play golf four hours in the afternoon. This distribution of behavior represents his ____ point for these two behaviors.
a) behavioral bliss b) response deprivation c) incentive maximization d) Premack |
A) BEHAVIORAL BLISS
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The first psychologist to systematically investigate the effect of consequences on the strength of a behavior was
a) Pavlov b) Tolman c) Skinner d) Thorndike |
D) THORNDIKE
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Why is stimulus control such an important aspect of training for dogs or rats that search for landmines?
a) errors in responding lead to death b) obedience is the primary goal of training c) the emotional stability of the animal is critical d) all of these |
A) ERRORS IN RESPONDING LEAD TO DEATH
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One of the primary effects of amphetamine is an increase in heart rate. According to the compensatory-response model, in a drug conditioning trial the US would be ______________ and the UR would be _______________.
a) increase in heart rate; increase in heart rate b) decrease in heart rate; increase in heart rate c) decrease in heart rate; decrease in heart rate d) increase in heart rate; decrease in heart rate |
D) INCREASE IN HEART RATE; DECREASE IN HEART RATE
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In contradiction to the compensatory-response model of conditioning, the CSs for some drugs elicit reactions that
a) mimic the effect of the drug b) reduce the effect of the drug c) are the opposite of the effect of the drug d) both b and c |
A) MIMIC THE EFFECT OF THE DRUG
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A multiple schedule consists of two or more independent schedules presented in sequence
a) each with its own SD b) each resulting in a reinforcer c) each with its own SD and each resulting in a reinforcer d) each with the same SD |
C) EACH WITH ITS OWN SD AND EACH RESULTING IN A REINFORCER
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The behavior of lever pressing for food is said to be
a) emitted by the food b) emitted by the rat c) elicited by the food d) elicited by the rat |
B) EMITTED BY THE RAT
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Aversion therapy for alcoholism often involves
a) the use of an emetic b) pairing alcohol ingestion with nausea c) pairing alcohol ingestion with relaxation d) both a and b |
D) BOTH A AND B
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An initial increase in the frequency of key pecking by pigeons when extinction is first implemented is called
a) resurgence b) spontaneous recovery c) an extinction burst d) rehabituation |
C) AN EXTINCTION BURST
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In a(n) _____ schedule, the response requirement changes as a function of the level of performance shown during responding for the previous reinforcer.
a) conjunctive b) multiple c) adjusting d) adjunctive |
C) ADJUSTING
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In a chained schedule, the consequences for the early behaviors in the chain function as ____ that also serve as ____ for the next behavior.
a) primary reinforcers; discriminative stimuli b) secondary reinforcers; discriminative stimuli c) discriminative stimuli; secondary reinforcers d) discriminative stimuli; primary reinforcers |
B) SECONDARY REINFORCERS; DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULI
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On a lever pressing task, a larger magnitude reinforcer will _____ subsequent resistance to extinction.
a) decrease b) increase or decrease c) not affect d) increase |
B) INCREASE OR DECREASE
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Repeated sessions of extinction (alternated with periods of reinforcement) will
a) decrease resistance to extinction b) either increase resistance to extinction or decrease resistance to extinction, depending on the type of reinforcement schedule that had been used c) increase resistance to extinction d) have no effect on resistance to extinction |
A) DECREASE RESISTANCE TO EXTINCTION
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Sue’s boyfriend typically spends three evenings a week with his friends. Sue demands that he spend only one evening per week with his friends, as a result of which he begins doing favors for her in order to entice her to let him spend more time with his friends. This example best describes
a) learned industriousness theory b) response deprivation hypothesis c) the Premack principle d) intrinsic motivation theory |
B) RESPONSE DEPRIVATION HYPOTHESIS
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Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of a(n)
a) extinguished response following a rest period b) emotional outburst during extinction c) extinguished response to a novel stimulus d) a novel behavior pattern during extinction |
A) EXTINGUISHED RESPONSE FOLLOWING A REST PERIOD
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Unlike classical conditioning, operant conditioning involves a(n)
a) both S-S-R sequence and is a function of what comes before it b) neither S-S-R sequence nor is a function of what comes before it c) S-S-R sequence d) is a function of what comes before it |
B) NEITHER S-S-R SEQUENCE NOR IS A FUNCTION OF WHAT COMES BEFORE IT
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A(n) _____ reinforcer is one that has been deliberately arranged to modify a behavior and is not a natural aspect of a certain situation.
a) extrinsic b) contrived c) intrinsic d) both contrived and intrinsic |
B) CONTRIVED
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On which of the following schedules would you expect to see a ‘break-and-run’ pattern of responding?
a) VR 5 b) VI 5 min c) VR 10 d) FR 10 |
D) FR 10
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Which of the following schedules would produce the longest pause after each reinforcement?
a) FR 10 b) VR 60 c) FR 40 d) VR 30 |
C) FR 40
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Ratio strain is a disruption in responding due to
a) an overly monotonous schedule of reinforcement b) an overly demanding schedule of reinforcement c) fatigue d) illness |
B) AN OVERLY DEMANDING SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT
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People in general more easily acquire a fear of snakes than of birds. This is an example of the effect of ______. Certain people more easily acquire a fear of snakes than do other people. This is an example of the effect of ______.
a) US revaluation; preparedness b) preparedness; US revaluation c) temperament; preparedness d) preparedness; temperament |
D) PREPAREDNESS; TEMPERAMENT
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When Amir teased his sister, she hugged him. He never again teased her. This seems to be an example of what process?
a) negative punishment b) positive punishment c) positive reinforcement d) negative reinforcement |
B) POSITIVE PUNISHMENT
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Food usually functions as a(n) ____ reinforcer while a light that has been paired with food functions as a(n) ____ reinforcer.
a) generalized; discriminative b) extrinsic; intrinsic c) primary; secondary d) secondary; primary |
C) PRIMARY; SECONDARY
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The major difficulty with errorless discrimination training is that
a) it doesn't facilitate the formation of very fine discrimination b) the subject too often becomes frustrated c) it works only for visual but not auditory discrimination d) the learning that occurs is difficult to modify at a later point in time |
D) THE LEARNING THAT OCCURS IS DIFFICULT TO MODIFY AT A LATER POINT IN TIME
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Paula laughs at her child when he breaks a dish. As result, he breaks dishes even more frequently. This is an example of
a) negative punishment b) positive reinforcement c) negative reinforcement d) positive punishment |
B) POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
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On a discrimination training task with pigeons, key pecks are reinforced in the presence of the _____ and not in the presence of the _____.
a) SD; S(delta) b) S(delta); SD c) SR; SD d) SD; SR |
A) SD; S(DELTA)
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In the Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert, the US was the
a) rat b) Santa Claus mask c) shock d) loud noise |
D) LOUD NOISE
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There are multiple reports of drug overdoses where the individual overdoses on a normal dose of the drug, but in a novel place. As a result of the novel situation, the user’s tolerance was reduced. According to the compensatory-response model, which of the following was missing from the conditioning scenario?
a) CS b) CR c) US d) both a and b |
D) BOTH A AND B
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A rat receives a food pellet if it emits 10 consecutive responses with each response separated by an interval of no less than 1.5 and no more than 2 seconds. This is an example of which type of schedule?
a) DRH b) DRP c) DRO d) DRL |
B) DRP
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