21. The Civil War

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the first shots were fired at this federal fort ushering the Civil War.

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Fort Sumter (21)

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the independent country declared by 11 southern states, who called themselves the Confederate States of America.

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Confederacy (21)

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the term used to describe the states who remained loyal to the government of the United States.

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Union (21)

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after Fort Sumter, this former presidential candidate from Illinois declared, "there can be no neutrals in this war [Civil War], only patriots - and traitors."

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Stephen Douglas (21)

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Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina joined the Confederacy while West Virginia, Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri remained in the Union.

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"border states" (21)

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the new state which was formed at the beginning of the Civil War because the western counties of Virginia remained loyal to the Union.

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West Virginia (21)

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a conflict between two peoples in one country, it is the most painful kind of war because this divided not only states, but also families and friends.

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Civil War (21)

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the president of the Confederacy, he was trained at West Point and had little experience as a politician.

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Jefferson Davis (21)

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opposed to slavery and secession, he decided that he could not fight against his native Virginia and so he resigned from the U.S. army to become the commander-in-chief of the Confederate forces.

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Robert E. Lee (21)

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Lincoln served as a captain in this war and this was the only military experience the new president had in the midst of the Civil War.

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Black Hawk War (21)

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the United States Military Academy in New York where most military leaders in the Civil War graduated.

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West Point (21)

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an attractive young widow and Washington social leader who collected valuable information about Union plans to attack Richmond and passed the information on the Confederate leaders through coded messages.

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Rose O'Neal Greenhow (21)

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the Union general who planned the Union's war strategy of surrounding the South by land and sea to cut off its trade; dividing the Confederacy into sections so that one rebel region could not help another; and capturing Richmond, Virginia.

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Winfield Scott (21)

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the capture of this strategic Confederate capital city was the ultimate step in Gen. Winfield Scott's "Anaconda Plan."

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Richmond, Virginia (21)

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the Union war strategy developed by Gen. Winfield Scott coined by journalists because it resembled the crushing death grip of this animal.

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"Anaconda Plan" (21)

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a small town on the way to Richmond, Virginia where Southern troops waited for the Union forces to ambush.

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Manassas (21)

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the creek near Manassas, Virginia where the Union and Confederate armies met.

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Bull Run (21)

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the Confederate general of Virginia who refused to give way to the Union army and was able to hold firm the Confederate line until reinforcements arrived.

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Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson (21)

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the South Carolina general who coined the nickname for Virginia general Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson.

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Bernard Bee (21)

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inexperienced, this term was used to describe the Union troops in Bull Run who fled in panic back to Washington.

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"green" troops (21)

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already well-known for her efforts to improve the treatment of the mentally ill, she was appointed director of the Union army's nursing service.

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Dorothea Dix (21)

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insisting that all female nurses be over 30 years old, plain in appearance, physically strong, and willing to do unpleasantly works, Dorothea Dix's rules were so strict that she earned this nickname.

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"Dragon Dix" (21)

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"the angel of the battlefield," she was the founder of the American Red Cross who followed Union armies into battle, tending troops where they fell.

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Clara Barton (21)

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founded by Clara Barton, this organization tended troops during the Civil War.

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American Red Cross (21)

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the Union admiral who led 46 Union ships up the Mississippi River to New Orleans in April 1862.

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David Farragut (21)

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the head of Union forces who won a series of victories that put Kentucky and much of Tennessee under Union control and began moving South toward the Mississippi from Illinois.

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Ulysses S. Grant (21)

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the name that Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's men called him because he refused to accept any battle outcome other than surrender.

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"Unconditional Surrender" (21)

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the Union general who sent 100,000 men by ship to capture Richmond but Confederate forces stopped the Union attack in a series of well-fought battles.

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George McClellan (21)

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a slave state that remained in the Union, Gen. Robert E. Lee sent his Confederate troops hoping that a victory on Union soil would persuade its people to join the Confederacy.

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Maryland (21)

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the little town along Antietam Creek where Confederate and Union armies met on September 1862.

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Sharpsburg (21)

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the creek that runs along the little Maryland town of Sharpsburg where Gen. McClellan's troops pounded Gen. Lee's badly outnumbered forces.

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Antietam Creek (21)

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the bloodiest day of the Civil War, more Americans were killed than in the Wars of 1812 and the Mexican War combined.

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Battle of Antietam (21)

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the act of freeing people from slavery.

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emancipation (21)

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a formal order issued on January 1, 1863 by President Lincoln which declared slaves in all Confederate states to be free.

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Emancipation Proclamation (21)

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a system for requiring citizens to join their country's armed forces.

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draft (21)

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the town in Pennsylvania where Union and Confederate troops met on July 1, 1863 - it became the turning point of the Civil War.

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Gettysburg (21)

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the newly appointed Union general who led 90,000 strong soldiers to Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.

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George C. Meade (21)

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the four-mile high ground at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania where Union General George C. Meade's army occupied after a brief skirmish with the Confederate army.

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Cemetery Ridge (21)

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about one mile to the west of the Union encampment, 75,000 Confederate troops gathered behind this area.

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Seminary Ridge (21)

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the general who led 15,000 Confederate soldiers in a charge across the low ground separating Seminary Ridge and Cemetery Ridge.

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George Pickett (21)

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a group of Northern Democrats who were more interested in restoring peace than in saving the Union or ending slavery.

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"copperheads" (21)

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a written order from a court that gives a person the right to a trial before being jailed.

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habeas corpus (21)

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when white workers attacked free blacks in New York City because the whites feared African Americans would take their jobs and resented being forced to fight a war to end slavery.

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draft riots (21)

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the wooden ship that the Confederate navy covered with iron plates and added a powerful ram to its prow.

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Merrimac (21)

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the U.S. navy built iron clad ship completed in less than 100 days which had a flat deck and two heavy guns in a revolving turret.

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Monitor (21)

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in March 1862, the Merrimac was renamed this and steamed into the Chesapeake Bay.

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Virginia (21)

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during the Civil War, these are ships that were either covered by iron plates or completely built with iron.

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ironclads (21)

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the Confederate town located on a bluff above a hairpin turn in the Mississippi River, Gen. Grant bombarded it for six weeks until it surrendered on July 4, 1863.

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Vicksburg, Mississippi (21)

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at the beginning of the war, she had written in her journal of well-dressed Confederate troops and by 1863, she was writing of soldiers dressed in "rags and tags."

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Mary Boykin Chesnut (21)

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most Northerners regarded the Civil War as this because there were no African Americans who fought at the beginning of the war.

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"White Man's War" (21)

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the most famous of the African American regiments commanded by Col. Robert Gould Shaw, they were sent to South Carolina to take part in an attack on Fort Wagner.

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54th Massachusetts Regiment (21)

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the Union general who led a second army into Georgia to take Atlanta.

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William Tecumseh Sherman (21)

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a dense forest where Gen. Grant's Union soldiers of 100,000 met Gen Lee's Confederate army of 60,000.

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"The Wilderness" (21)

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Gen. U.S. Grant and his Union army followed Gen. Robert E. Lee's soldiers to this place, where Gen. Grant lost 7,000 men in 15 minutes.

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Cold Harbor (21)

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a railroad center 20 miles south of Richmond where Union and Confederate forces met.

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Petersburg (21)

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the Union general who was ordered by Gen. U.S. Grant to wage total war in Virginia's grain-rich Shenandoah Valley while his army was tied down fighting Gen. Lee.

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Philip Sheridan (21)

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grain-rich area in Virginia where Gen. Grant ordered Gen. Philip Sheridan to wage a total war in.

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Shenandoah Valley (21)

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the owner of the house in the village of Appomattox where Gen. Robert E. Lee surrendered to Gen. U.S. Grant.

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Wilmer McClean (21)

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the village where Gen. Robert E. Lee surrendered to Gen. U.S. Grant.

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Appomattox (21)