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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Prokaryotes are found |
whenever there is life |
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They are also |
widespread and diverse |
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collective biomass of Prokaryotes is at least |
10 times of all eukaryotes |
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prokaryotic diversity |
metagenomics |
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External features that contribute success in prokaryotes |
cell shape, cell wall, projections |
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spherical prokaryotes |
cocci |
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cocci in chains |
streptococci |
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cocci in clusters |
staphylococci |
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rod shaped prokaryotes |
bacilli |
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rod shaped prokaryotes |
bacilli |
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bacilli can occur |
singly (e.coli), pairs, chains of rods, or threadlike or filamentous |
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prokaryotes in spiral |
Spiral Prokaryotes |
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spiral that are short and rigid |
spirilla |
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longer more flexible spirilla |
spirochetes |
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Spirilla can causes diseases such as |
Lyme, syphilis |
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Spirilla includes prokaryotic giants at size |
0.5 mm long (very thin though) |
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Gram positive bacteria |
simpler cell walls and have thick layer of unique material called peptidoglycan |
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Gram negative bacteria |
less peptidoglycan and are more complex |
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Outer membrane of gram negative contains |
lipids bonded to carbohydrates |
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projections defined as |
external structures that extend beyond cell wall |
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naked protein that lacks microtubules |
flagella |
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hair like projections |
fimbridae |
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fimbridae enables prokaryotes |
to stick to surfaces and or one another |
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prokaryotes can produce a new generation within |
1-3 hours |
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Under optimal conditions takes |
20 minutes |
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every time DNA replicates prior to binary fission, |
few spontaneous mutations occur |
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rapid reproduction generates |
great deal of genetic variation |
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amount of DNA in a prokaryotic cell is about |
one-thousandth as much as that in a eukaryotic cell |
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when environmental conditions become too harsh, a specialized resistant cell form called |
endospore |
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Endospore is produced |
inside original cell |
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What does it do?? |
encloses a copy of it's chromosome in a thick protective coat |
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After endospore dehydrates |
original cell disintegrates |
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Two factors to determine nutrition |
energy source (sunlight and chemicals) and carbon source (organic compounds and carbon dioxide) |
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chemicals as e.s. and CO2 as c.s. |
chemoautotrophs |
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sunlight as e.s. and organic compounds as c.s. |
photoheterotrophs |
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sunlight as e.s. and CO2 as c.s. |
photoautotrophs |
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chemicals as e.s. and organic compounds as c.s. |
chemoheterotrophs |
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humans mode of nutrition |
chemoheterotrophs |
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biofilms |
prokaryotes attaching to surfaces in highly organized colonies |
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Biofilms formation begins when |
prokaryotes send signaling molecules that attract nearby cell to cluster |
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once cluster become large, cells produce |
gooey coating that glues them |
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As biofilms get larger and complex, it becomes |
city of microbes |
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biofilms are common ong bacteria that cause human diseases such as |
ear infection, UTI, cystic fibrosis |
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What makes biofilms difficult to defeat? |
complexity |
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Biofilms can be found in |
pipes, filters, drains, hulls of ships |
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salt lovers |
extreme halophiles |
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heat lovers |
extreme thermophiles |
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lives in anaerobic and gives off methane as waste product |
methanogens |
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lives in extreme conditions |
extremophiles |
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Assemblage of prokaryotes |
proteobacteria, gram-positive bacteria, cyanobacteria, chlamydias, spirochetes |
