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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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... presents with a mid-diastolic rumble and opening snap at the apex on cardiac auscultation |
mitral stenosis |
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exam findings: unilateral absence of breath sounds, tracheal deviation, and hypotension
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tension pneumothorax
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... is an extraneous factor which has properties linking it with the exposure and out come of interest
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confounder
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... is defined as mixing up of the exposure with the effect of an extraneous factor
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confounding
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chronic constipation is a risk factor for .... in toddlers
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recurrent cystitis
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... injury may ocur as result of anterior dislocation of the humerus out of the glenoid fossa
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aillary nerver injury
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... nerve supplies the deltoid and teres minor with motor innervation
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axillary n.
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... act as antithyroid medications be decreasing the formation of thyrid hormones via inhibition of the enzyme thyroid peroxidase
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thionamides(methimazole and propylthyouracil)
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the mormal thyroid take up iodide against a concentration gradient be an energy-dependent process using a ...
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sodium-iodide symporter
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... and ... are alled "selective estrogen receptor modulators"
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tamoxifen and raloxifene
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tamoxifen is sefl fot trt of ... and ...
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osteoporosis and breast cancer
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tamoxifen is associated with increased incidence of ... and ....
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endometrial cancer and thromboembolic disease
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... are used to control severe Grave's ophthalmopathy
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high-dose glucocorticoids such as prednisone
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... and ... inhibit thyroid peroxidase and thus reduce iodine organification
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methimazole and propylthiouracil
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loss of consciousness brought about be severe hypoglycemia is typically treated with .... in the nin-medical setting and ... in the medical setting
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IM glucagon; IV dextrose
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... exacerbate hypoglycemia and mask its adrenergic symptoms
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non-selective beta blockers
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blockade of ... receptors nhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis and peripheral glycogenolysis and lypolisis
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beta2 adrenergic
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... levels are low in type 2 diabetes, and trt with TZDs increases the its levels
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adiponectin
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... decrease insuline resistance by binding to peroisome proliferator activated receptor gamma(PPAR-gamma)
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thiazolidinediones
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metformin is absolutely contraindicated in patients with renal failure, due to a risk of ...
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lactic acid accumulation
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... is due to increased soft tissue mass within the bony orbit, which results from enlargement ofthe extraocular mscles and increased fibroblast proliferation and ground substance production
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exophthalmos
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transcriptional regulator of the genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism
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peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma
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... is 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor that supresses peripheral conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone
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finasteride
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dinasteride is used for trt of ... and ...
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prostatic hyperplasia and androgenetic alopecia
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... is the probability ofbeing free of a disease if the test result is negative
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negative predictive value
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47,XXY is the most common genotype causing ...
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Kelinfelter s.
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patietns with ... present with tall stature; smak , firm tetstes; azoospermia; and geynecomastia; mild intellectual disabilty is seen
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Kelinfelter s.
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inherited defect of the axtracellular matri protein fibrillin
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Marfan s.
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macroorchidism, large jaw, and intellectual dysability are seen in patients with ...
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fragile X s.
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x-linked disroder caused by mutatuions in the fragile X mental retardation 1 gene
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fragile X s.
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.. .is an outpouching or evagination of the paryngeal epithelium that descends to the lower anterior neck
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thyroid gland
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failure of GnRH-secreting neurons to migrate from the olfactory lobes to the hypothalamus describes ...
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Kallmann's syndrome
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... is converted in the pripheral tissues to T3 or rT3
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T4
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most common type of thyroid cancer
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papillary thyroid cancer
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morphology of ... shows large cells with nuclei containing finely dispersed chromatin with a ground-glass appearence(Orphan Annie eye)
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papillary thyroid cancer
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laminated Ca deposits
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psammoma bodies
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markedly pleomorphic cells, including irregular giant cells and biphasic cells
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anaplsatic cancer
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... are modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons that release catecholamines into the bloodstream in response to acetylcholine released by preganglionic sympathetic neurons
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medullary chromaffin cells
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3 zones of adrenal cortex
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glomerulosa; fasciculata; reticularis
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zona ... secretes mineralocorticoid hormones
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glomerulosa
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zona ... secretes glucocorticoid hormones
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fasciculata
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zona ... secretes androgenes
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reticularis
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administration of .... distinguishes central diabetes from nephrogenic DI
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ADH
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isolated damage to the .... produces only transoent central diabetes insipidus
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posterior pituitary gland
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... is synthesized in the hypothalamis, specifically in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei
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ADH
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pancreatic islet amyloid deposition is characteristic of ...
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type 2 DM
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a strong linkage with HLA class II gene makeup, pancreatic islet infiltration with leukocytes, and AB against islet ag are frequently seen in
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type 1 DM
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... bind to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma(PPAR-gamma)
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thiazolidinediones
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the most important gene regulated by PPAR-gamma codes for ..., a cytokine secretd by fat tissue
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adiponectin
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... bind to the regulatory subunts of Katp channel on pancreatic beta cells, which causes closure of these channels
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sulfonylureas
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repaglinide -?
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sulfonylureas
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is the most common anemia in premature and low birth weight infants
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anemia of prematurity
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... is defined by the followinf studies: 1) periph. smear: normocytic and normochromic anemia; 2)low reticulocyte level; normal WBC nad platelet count; normal total billirubin level
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anemia of prematurity
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.. is caused by adnormalities in the synthesis of alpha chains of Hb
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alpha talassemia
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enthesitis is a condition in which inflammation and pain occur at the site of tendon and ligament attachment to bone and is a common finding in ...
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nkylosing spondylitis
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HLA-B27 associated arthropaties
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ankylosing spondylitis; psoriatic arthritis; reactive arthritis
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... test is used to compare proportions
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chi-square test
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tests used to compare two means
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two-sample z-test and two-sample t-test
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test used to compare the means of three or more variabilities
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analysis of variance(ANOVA)
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the value taht is located in the middle of a dataset; devides the right hald of the data from the left
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median
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most frequent value of a dataset
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mode
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mathematical average of a dataset
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mean
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.... are classicaly associated with colitis secondary to Cl. difficle infection
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pseudomambranes
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trt of choice for eclampsia
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magnesium sulfate
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drugs of choice for preeclamptic hypertensive emergencies
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labetalol and hydralazyne
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trt for preeclampsia-eclampsia syndrome is to stabilize tha patient, initiate trt for seizure and stroke prevention as indicated, and proceed with ...
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delivery
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normal pleural fluid pH is ...
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7.60
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fluid protein/serum protein ration in exudate
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>0.5
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... should be administered to any woman of childbearing age before perfoming any dx tests such as x=ray or Ct-scan
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regnancy test
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.. is defined as hematocrit >65% in term neonates
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polycytemia
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individual with first0degree relative who suffers from bipolar disorder has ... risk of developong the condition in his lifetime
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5-10%
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for the general population, thel ifetime risk of developing bipolar disorder is ...
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1%
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... is the most important step in the management of non-ketotic hyperglyhcemic coma
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fluid replacment
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... is given once blood glu level has been lowered tp 250 mg/dl by insulin thrp; it prevents the development of cerebral edema
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5% dextrose
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..... leads to upper and lower respiratory tract infections due to encapsulated bacteria
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humoral immune deficiency
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patients with depressed ... present with infections from ordinarily benign viruses, opportunistic pathogens or fungi
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cell-mediated immunity
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symptoms of depression(mnemonis)
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SIGECAPS: Sleep; Interest; Guilt; Energy; COncentration; Appetite;Psychomotor retardation; Suicidal thoughts
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posion ivy and nickel jewelry can cause allergic ...
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contact dermatitis
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allergic contact dermaitis is a typ ... hypersensitivity reaction
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IV
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.... require oxygen administration and change in maternal position
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recurrent variable decelerations
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fetal heart rate is described using 4 characterisitcs:
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basline heart rate; baseline variability; accelerations; decelerations
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abrupt slowing of the heart rate for <30 sec from oset to nadir, followed by a rapid return to baseline
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variable decelerations
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variable decelerations are thoguht to be the result of
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umbilical cord compression
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serum cortisol and 24-hour urine cortisol levels are not suppressed following the administration of high dose dexamethasone in most patients with ...
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ectopic ACTH syndrome
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top three risk factors for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
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obesity; diabetes mellitus; hypertriglyceridemia
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marked jaundice; pruritus; positive anti-mitochodnrial antibodies
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primary biliary cirrhosis
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presence of anti-smooth muscle antibodies or ANA in the serum
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autoimmune hepatitis
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administration of ... can distinguish between central and nephrogenic DI
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desmopressin
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vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist that causes selective water loss i hte kidney without affecting sodium or potassium excretion
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tolvaptan
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... causes mild volume depletion that increases proximal water and sodium reabsorbtion
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hydrochlorthiazide
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demeclocycline used in ..
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... is used for trt for SIADH
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suspect .... in patients who have evidence of atherosclerotic cascular disease, present with abdominal pain dollowed by bloody duarhhea and have minimal bdominal exam findings
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ischemic colitis
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the most commonly involved segment of the colon in ischemic colitis is ...
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splenic flexure
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... are the atibiotics of choice for pertussis trt and post-exposure prophylaxis
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macrolides
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erythromycin use in neonates is associated with ...
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pyloric stenosis
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positive PPD test in HIV patients
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skin induration of greater than 5 mm
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positive PPD test requires prophylasxis with ... for 9 months
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isoniazid
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... usually presents with sudden onset of photopsia and floaters
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retinal detachment
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ophtalmoscopy of patients with .... reveals pallor of the optic disc, cherry red fovea, and bocar segmentation of blood in the retinal veins
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central retinal artery occlusion
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patients with ... are at increased risk for developing thyroid lymphoma
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Hashimoto's throiditis
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pharm trt for perfomance-related anxiety
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beta-blockers; benzodiazepines(second line)
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patients with generalized anxiety in nin-perfomance situations benefit from trt with ...
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SSRIs and SNRIs
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buspirone use
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generalized anziety disorder
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tricyclic antidepressant used as a second line trt of obsessive-compulsive disorder
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clomipramine
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failure of endocardial cushion fusion results in ...
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atriventricular septal defects
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... preparations increase levels of thyroine-binding globulin
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oral estrogen
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droping of the contralateral hemipelvis below its normal horizontal level during monopedal stance constitutes a positive ...
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trendelenburg sign
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positive trendelenburg sign is caused by weakness or paralysis of the ....
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gluteus medius and minimus muscles
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gluteus medius and minimus muscles are innervated by the ...
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superior gluteal n.
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.. is caused by a defect in either hydrogen excretion or bicarbonate resorption in the kidney
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renal tubular acidosis
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trt for renal tubular acidosis
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oral bicarbonate replacement
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acidosis with no diarrhea and with markedly alkalotic urine
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renal tubular acidosis
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type 1 RTA (inability to excrete H) is associated with ..
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nephrolitiasis
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type 2 RTA(defect in reabsorbtion of bicarbonate) is commonly a component of ...
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Fanconi s.
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glucosuria; aminoaciduria; phosphaturia; type 2 RTA
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Fanconi syndrome
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... test very sensitive and specific for infectious mononucleosis, but may be negative early in the disease
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heterophile antibody test
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Reed sternberg cells seen in the lymph node biopsy
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Hodgkin's lymphoma
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... are useful in the management of symptoms of diabetic gastroparesis
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prokinetic agents(metoclopramide, erythromycin, cisapride)
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patients with HIV who have subacute-onset of low-grade fever, headache, and signs of increased ontracranial presusre should be evaluated for ...
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cryptococcal meningitis
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Dx for cryptococcal meningitis
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detection of the cryptococcal ag or isolation of the organism in CSF
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CMV typically causes ... in patients with HIV who have CD4 counts <50/uL
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retinitis
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symptoms of .... include severe headache, bilateral periorbital edema, cranial nerve (III, IV, V, VI) deficits
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cavernous sinus thrombosis
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hypercalciemia of lung malignancy is most commonly due to the production of ... by malignant cells
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PTHrP
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paraneoplastic s. that is usually assocaited with squamous cell-type cancer
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hypercalciemia
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... typically presents with rapid onset of respiratory failure, severe hypotension, and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy during labor or the immediate postpartum period
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amniotic fluid embolism s.
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the proportion of + test results among the subjects with the disease
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sensitivity
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the proportion of negative results among the subjects without the disease
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specificity
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sensitivity =?
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TP/(TP+FN)
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specificity=?
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TN/(TN+FP)
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