2.08 I Always Work Hard

Front 1

in which regions are primary curvatures retained?

Back 1

thoracic and sacral regions

Front 2

when do the secondary curvatures develop?

Back 2

after birth

Front 3

what separates the vertebral bodies?

Back 3

intervertebral discs

Front 4

which two structures form the vertebral arch?

Back 4

pedicles and laminae

Front 5

at which spinal level does the spinal cord end?

Back 5

L1/2

Front 6

what is the name for the collection of nerve roots below the spinal cord in the vertebral canal?

Back 6

cauda equina

Front 7

which vertebra possesses an upward projection from the body called the dens?

Back 7

axis

Front 8

which vertebra possesses no body or spinous process?

Back 8

atlas

Front 9

what type of joint is the articulation between the sacrum and coccyx?

Back 9

secondary cartilaginous joint (symphysis)

Front 10

which vertebrae are characterised by costal facets?

Back 10

thoracic

Front 11

the spinous processes of which vertebrae are short and bifid?

Back 11

cervical

Front 12

describe the spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae

Back 12

long, slender, downward projecting

Front 13

which vertebrae have large, quadrangular spinous processes?

Back 13

lumbar

Front 14

t/f... thoracic transverse processes are slender

Back 14

false, lumbar transverse processes are slender (except L5), thoracic transverse processes are stout

Front 15

where is the vertebral canal largest?

Back 15

cervical spine

Front 16

where is the vertebral canal narrowest?

Back 16

thoracic region

Front 17

what determines the direction of movement in the spine?

Back 17

orientation of the facets

Front 18

what movement is favoured in the thoracic region?

Back 18

rotation

Front 19

which two movements occur together in the cervical spine?

Back 19

lateral flexion and rotation

Front 20

in which region is rotation limited?

Back 20

lumbar

Front 21

t/f... there is an intervertebral disc between the atlas and axis?

Back 21

false

Front 22

which joint allows nodding?

Back 22

atlantooccipital

Front 23

what movement occurs at the atlantoaxial joint?

Back 23

rotation

Front 24

how many points of articulation are there between adjacent vertebrae?

Back 24

3

Front 25

which region has the greatest range of movement?

Back 25

cervical

Front 26

which region has the smallest range of movement?

Back 26

thoracic

Front 27

what is the outer layer of an intervertebral disc called?

Back 27

annulus fibrosus

Front 28

what is the name of the inner gel-like part of the intervertebral disc?

Back 28

nucleus pulposus

Front 29

what is the nerve supply to the intrinsic back muscles?

Back 29

posterior rami

Front 30

t/f... most back pain is due to inflammatory causes

Back 30

false, most back pain is mechanical

Front 31

which spinal tissues are most typically affected by inflammation?

Back 31

sacroiliac joints

Front 32

how common is ankylosing spondylitis? (%)

Back 32

affects 1% of population

Front 33

what is the function of the intervertebral discs?

Back 33

to allow mobility between adjacent vertebrae and to cushion compressive forces directed along the column

Front 34

will a herniation of the L5/S1 disc compress the L5 or S1 nerve root?

Back 34

S1

Front 35

t/f... the nucleus pulposus is avascular

Back 35

true

Front 36

what are vertebral endplates?

Back 36

hyaline cartilaginous plates covering the upper and lower surfaces of the vertebral bodies adjacent to the nucleus pulposus

Front 37

how does the nucleus pulposus receive nutrients?

Back 37

by diffusion from capillaries in the vertebral bodies through the thin endplates

Front 38

in which direction do intervertebral discs usually herniate?

Back 38

posterolaterally

Front 39

when is the load on a lumbar intervertebral disc greatest, when lying, sitting or standing?

Back 39

sitting (least load while lying, then standing, then sitting)

Front 40

which two intervertebral discs herniate most commonly?

Back 40

L4/5 and L5/S1

Front 41

which spinal roots are entirely sensory?

Back 41

dorsal roots

Front 42

where do the cell bodies of ventral roots lie?

Back 42

ventral horn of spinal grey matter

Front 43

when is back pain classified as acute?

Back 43

lasting for <3 months

Front 44

when is back pain classified as subacute?

Back 44

lasting between 6 weeks and 3 months

Front 45

when is back pain considered chronic?

Back 45

lasting longer than 3 months

Front 46

which cancers most commonly metastasise to bone?

Back 46

lung, breast, prostate, thyroid, kidney

Front 47

what is the commonest organism causing lumbar osteomyelitis?

Back 47

staphylococcus aureus

Front 48

which type of muscle fibre has slow oxidative metabolism?

Back 48

type I

Front 49

which muscle fibre type has fast glycolytic metabolism?

Back 49

type II

Front 50

t/f... all fibres of a motor unit are of the same type

Back 50

true