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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the total amount of fluid in an average 70 kg adult?
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40 litres (60% of total body mass)
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what are the two compartments of extracellular fluid?
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blood plasma and interstitial fluid
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what is the predominant cation in the intracellular fluid?
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K+
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what is the predominant cation in the interstitial fluid?
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Na+
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why will a reduction in blood volume result in a reduction in interstitial and intracellular fluid volume?
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because of the rapid exchange between the different fluid compartments
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what effect does reduction in blood volume have on rate of venous return and cardiac output?
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decreased
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what are some consequences of tissue ischaemia?
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increase in production of lactic acid, causing an increase in concentration of H+ ions (acidosis), depression of cardiac muscle, further reduction in cardiac output, release of toxins in intestine, greater risk of blood clotting in small vessels
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what is the mechanism that restores blood pressure?
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baroreceptor reflex
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t/f... most of the body water is locate in the ECF compartment
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false, most is intracellular
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which type of vessel is responsible for most of the total resistance?
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arterioles
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what is perfusion pressure?
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mean arterial pressure minus pressure in the veins
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what are the two factors that determine the perfusion of any body region?
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mean arterial pressure and vascular resistance
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what do baroreceptors respond to?
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stretch
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what effect does the baroreceptor reflex have on arterioles?
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constriction
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how is resistance related to radius?
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resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the radius
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where does the metabolism of ethanol to acetaldehyde occur?
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liver
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how does carbonation increase the rate of ethanol absorption?
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by relaxation of the pyloric sphincter thus increasing the rate of gastric emptying
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what does the acronym FLAGS stand for?
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F-feeding back
L-listening A-advice G-goals S-strategies |
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what is a pathological fracture?
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fracture following a disease process that has weakened a bone so that its strength is reduced and normal forces of movement and muscle activity are not tolerated
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what are the three principles of fracture management?
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reduction, immobilisation and restoration of function
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why doesn't vasoconstriction occur in coronary or cerebral vascular beds in response to severe haemorrhage?
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coronary and cerebral blood vessels have very sparse sympathetic innervation
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what controls blood flow to coronary and cerebral beds?
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local metabolic factors (autoregulation)
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how is the loss of plasma proteins following haemorrhage compensated for?
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increased hepatic synthesis over 3-4 days
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what is Erikson's theory of adolescence?
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identity v role confusion
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what percentage of 16-17 years olds have the ability to use abstract thought, theoretical notions (formal operations)?
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35%
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how does Erikson describe adulthood (20-35 years)?
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intimacy v isolation
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what is the Frank-Starling Law?
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the greater the filling of the ventricle, the greater will be the force of contraction
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what is the gain of a control system?
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gain=compensation/error
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what gives bone its compressive strength?
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calcium and phosphate (as hydroxapatite crystal)
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what are osteoblasts derived from?
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mesenchymal stem cell
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what are osteoclasts derived from?
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haemopoietic stem cell
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what are osteocytes?
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osteoblasts embedded in bone matrix
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in an osteoblast, what separates the rER from the nucleus?
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large and active Golgi apparatus
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what is the mineralisation front?
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edge of advancing calcification
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what is an osteoid seam?
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maturing collagen (type I) between the osteoblast and mineralisation front
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what do osteoclasts secrete?
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acid and proteolytic enzymes
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what do osteoclasts do?
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dissolve mineral and degrade protein, release embedded growth factors
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what gives bone its tensile strength?
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collagen
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what non-collagenous proteins are present in the bone matrix?
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alkaline phosphatase, proteoglycans, growth factors
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what is the name for the tunnel dug by osteoclasts in cortical bone?
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cutting cone
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what is the outer surface of a tooth?
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enamel
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what is the name for the bone surrounding the root of a tooth?
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alveolar bone
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which cells lay down enamel?
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ameloblasts
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which cells lay down dentine?
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odontoblasts
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what is responsible for the resistance to acid attack of enamel?
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very dense matrix of closely packed collagen, hydroxyapatite crystals
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