203-Intro To Ethics (Utilitarianism)

Front 1

Ethics

Back 1

the rightness and wrongness of human actions

Front 2

difference between science and ethics

Back 2

science-natural properties=physical
ethics-non-natural properies=metaphysical

Front 3

nihilism

Back 3

ethics is subjective and personal

Front 4

relativism

Back 4

ethics is objective but depends on society (relativism)

Front 5

naturalism

Back 5

there is not such thing-science explains everything, including ethical judgements

Front 6

4 and 5th skepticisms about ethics

Back 6

4) ethics is nothing more than people's aggregate opinion
5) ethical judgements are reducible to legal judgements

Front 7

Right and wrong (deontological concepts)

Back 7

-an action X is wrong
-does not come in degree

Front 8

good and bad (value concepts)

Back 8

essentially comparative: X is better (worse) than Y
logical structure e.g. transitivity of "better" relation

Front 9

consequentialism

Back 9

the rightness or wrongness of an act is determined by the goodness or badness of its consequence

Front 10

deontology

Back 10

the rightness or wrongness of an act is independent of the goodness and badness of it's consequence
e.g. Kantian ethics

Front 11

why does environmental ethics reject anthropocentrism?

Back 11

they reject that only humans possess intrinsic value

Front 12

classic utilitarianism

Back 12

an act is right if and only if it maximizes total pleasure

Front 13

average utilitarianism

Back 13

an act is right if and only if it maximizes average pleasure

Front 14

Hedonism

Back 14

the only intrinsic value in the universe is pleasure (positive intrinsic value) and pain (negative intrinsic value) means that the environment does not have intrinsic value

Front 15

comparability

Back 15

Pleasure of one can be measured and compared with pleasure of another

Front 16

Total-sum consequentialism

Back 16

the greatest pleasure of the greatest number

Front 17

Intrinsic value defined

Back 17

the value (good) of X is intrinsic if and only if the value of X is
1. Non instrumental (X is valuable not merely because it contribute to a valuable thing)
2. Non-derivative (X is valuable not merely because it is part of a valuable thing)
3.

Front 18

Moral standing:

Front 19

Sentientism

Back 19

all sentient creatures have moral standing

Front 20

biocentrism

Back 20

all living things have moral standing