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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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population |
entire collection of individual units Ex. city |
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sample |
smaller group within population that's actually being studied Ex. citizens tested |
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parameter |
true values for some characteristic of population Ex. Entire world population height |
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estimate |
value calculated from the sample for the parameter of interest Ex. height at COW |
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accuracy |
average of estimates is close to the true value |
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precision |
all results are consistently close to the true value |
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sampling error |
chance difference from the truth |
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bias |
systematic discrepancy between true population characteristic, influence on data collection |
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reliable sample |
-every unit must have equal chance of being included in the sample -units must be independant |
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standard error of an estimate |
the standard deviation of the estimate's sampling distribution |
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standard error of mean |
standard deviation of the data divided by the square root of the mean |
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confidence intervals |
values within are 95% likely to be true parameters, Y+/- 2x SE for error bars |
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pseudoreplication |
values that aren't independent are analyzed as if they're independent |
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alternative hypothesis |
one sided - hypothesis that represents one direction of possible parameter values two sided - represents both possible directions of parameter values |
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null hypothesis |
interesting to reject, no difference from previous knowledge Ex. medication will not have any effect on lifespan/illness |
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P-value |
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type I error |
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categorical data |
characteristic categories, not numerical Ex. survival, language, size class |
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nominal data |
no inherent order in characteristic Ex. colors, sex |
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ordinal data |
has a natural order Ex. grades, size, life stage |
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numerical data |
magnitudes on a numerical scale Ex. age, weight, temperature |
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continuous data |
can have any value within a range |
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discrete data |
measurement has to be an integer |
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explanatory variable |
affects response variable Ex. Toxin being injected |
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response variable |
measured effect variable of an experiment Ex. survival after an injection |
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experimental study |
researchers assigns different treatment groups to units of study |
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observational study |
researcher has no control over which units fall into which groups |
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sample of convenience |
sample based on individuals easily available to researcher, problem is bias |
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volunteer bias |
systematic difference between volunteers and population they belong to |
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mean |
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variance |
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std dev |
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coeff of var |
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interquartile range |
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outliers |
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sum of squares |
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std error |
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