Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
what does the central nervous system consist of?
|
the brain and spinal cord
|
|
|
|
what is the central nervous sytem responsible for?
|
-vision
-touch -pain -pressure -cold -warmth -touch -smell |
|
|
|
what do afferent nerves do?
|
they send messages inwards and towards
|
|
|
|
what does efferent nerves do?
|
they convey or conduct messages away
|
|
|
|
what does peripheral nervous system do?
|
efferent and afferent nerves are collectively know as the peripheral nervous system
-they accept and send messages |
|
|
|
what does the motor nervous system do?
|
controls the skeletal muscle contractions
|
|
|
|
what does the autonomic nervous system do?
|
helps regulate BP, Temp, light regulation in the eyes
|
|
|
|
what are neurons
|
in each nerve of the central and peripheral nervous sytem
|
|
|
|
what is a synapse
|
the part between on neuron and the next
|
|
|
|
what are neurotransmitters?
|
transmitters of nerve impulses
|
|
|
|
what is norepinephren and acetylcholine?
|
neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system
|
|
|
|
what are cholinergic fibers
|
the endings that liberate acetycholine
|
|
|
|
what are adrenergic fibers
|
secrete norepinephren
|
|
|
|
what are adrenergic agents
|
medications that cause effects similar to those produced by the adrenergic neurotransmitters
|
|
|
|
what are cholinergic agents?
|
medications what cause effects in the body similar to those produced by acetocholine
|
|
|
|
what are anticholinergic agents?
|
block or inhibit cholinergic activity
|
|
|
|
what are adrenergic blocking agents?
|
agents that inhibit the adrenergic system
|
|
|
|
what are catecholamines
|
stimulates the adrenergic nervous system , the body's naturally occurring neurotransmitters
|
|
|
|
what are alpha receptors?
|
serves as a mediator of negative feedback. preventing further release of noreepinephren
|
|
|
|
what are beta receptors
|
causes relaxation of smooth muscle in the broncho (bronchodialation) , uterus and urine output because of stimulation of specific receptors in the kidneys that results in better renal perfusion
|
|
|
|
what are dopamine receptors
|
improves the symptoms associated with Parkinsons disease
|
|
|
|
what is the autonomic nervous system
|
the most important, and is involuntary,
controls BP, GI secretions and motility, urinary bladder function, sweating and body temp |
|
|
|
true or false
effects from medications similar to those produced by acetocholine are called cholinergic agents or parasympathetic agents |
true
|
|
|
|
true or false
medications that effect similar to those produced by the adrenergic neurotransmitters are called adrenergic agents |
true
|
|
|
|
what are colinergic/anti agents & adrenergic/anti agents?
|
blocking agents
|
|
|
|
what are beta blocking agents used for? and what are two of them
|
the heart
propranolol -used to treat hypertension , anxiety and panic metoprolol- used to treat hypertension, angina, acute myocardial infarction, super ventricular tachycardia |
|
|
|
what do beta blockers do to the heart?
|
they slow it down
|
|
|
|
what is pilocarpine?
|
a medication used to treat glaucoma, a condition in which increase pressure in the eye can lead to gradual loss of vision
|
|
|
|
what are atropine and belladonna (bladder spasm med given suppository route) do?
|
they work against cholinergics
|
|
|
|
what causes Parkinson disease?
|
low dopamine in the brain caused by acetocholine over production
|
|
|
|
true or false
Dopamine is a inhibitor |
true
|
|
|
|
what is the book definition for Parkinson disease
|
a chronic progressive disorder of the central nervous system
|
|
|
|
true or false
Parkinson disease is the second most neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer disease |
true
|
|
|
|
what age category is Parkinson Disease most common in?
|
the elderly
|
|
|
|
what causes Parksinson Disease?
|
a relative excess of acetocholine because of a deficiency of dopamine
|
|
|
|
what kind of drugs may be taken to counter balance the availability of acetocholine
|
anticholinergenic medicines
|
|
|
|
what percentage of older adults with Parkinson`s have depression
|
40%
caused by reduced availability of active metabolites of dopamine in the brain |
|
|
|
true or falseÉ
Parkinson`s is progressive and incurable |
true
|
|
|
|
what is the goal for treatment of Parkinson`s disease
|
the goal of treatment is to moderate the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease
|
|
|
|
what is important to teach a client taking Parkinson;s disease medsÉ
|
to take them as scheduled and stay as active and involved in daily activities as possible
|
|
|
|
what is a common side effect that you can get from taking parkinson`s disease medication
|
orthostatic hypo tension
|
|
|
|
what kind of bowel issues do patients taking parkinson`s disease medication get
|
constipation
|
|
|
|
what is the goal of treatment for PD
|
minimizing the effects because there is no cure for PD
|
|
|
|
what does dyskinesia mean
|
impairment of the individuals ability to preform voluntary movements
|
|
|
|
what are the meds Selegilence and rasagiline
|
potent monoamine oxidase inhibitors that reduce the metabolism of dopamine in the brain allowing greater dopamine activity
|
|
|
|
what does chorea mean
|
abnormal movements of your limbs and head
|
|
|
|
what is rheumatoid arthritis
|
-long term disease
-inflamation of the joints and surrounding tissues -*auto immune disease (attacks healthy tissue) -women get it more then men |
|
|
|
what is osteoporosis
|
thinning of the bone tissue and loss of bone density over time
-most common type of bone disease -caused from when the body fails to form enough new bone and when to much old bone is reabsorbed by the body or both happens |
|
|
|
what is gout
|
occurs when uric acid builds up in the blood causing joing inflamation
-very painful -on the big toes -uric acid crystalizes and the crystals deposit in joints and tendons and surrounding tissues |
|
|
|
what does puritis mean
|
itching
|
|
|
|
what is gabapentin used for
|
used for pain
-preventing seizures -damaged nerves |
|
|
|
what is baclofen used for
|
used to treat muscle spasms
pain stiffness |
|
|
|
what are NSAIDS used for
|
anti inflammatory
moderate to mild pain fever |
|
|
|
what are atarax used forÉ
|
sedating antihistamines
|
|
|
|
what does echymoses mean
|
bruise, bluish discoloration of an area of skin or mucous membrane cause by the extra vasation of blood into the subcutaneous tissue as a result of trauma to the underlying blood vessels or frailty of the vessel walls
|
|
|
|
what does petechiae mean
|
pinpoint size of red)purple spots on the skin caused by small hemorrhage in the skin layers
|
|
|
|
what is coumadin
|
warfrin,blood thinner
anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the activity of vitamin k which is required for the activation of clotting factors and proteins C and S. -used for treatment and prophylaxis of venous thrombosis and embolism -prevents blood clots associated with atrial fibrillation -reduced risk of death, recurrent MI and Thromboli associated with cardiac valve replacement |
|
|
|
what causes a Miocardial infarction
|
sudden decrease in coronary blood flow or an increase in myocardial oxygen demand without adequate coronary perfusion. infarction occurs because of ischemia (which is reversible) and necrosis (which is not reversible) of myocardial tissue
|
|
|
|
true or false
do men and woman fell the same kind of warning signs of a MI |
no, women mistake it as indigestion and men usually describe it as a crushing, squeezing or stabbing pain
|
|
|
|
what happens when you have a MI
|
pain my be retrosternal and left pericardial and it may radiate down the left arm to the neck, jaws, teeth, epigastric area, and back . the pain occurs at rest or on exertion, lasts more then 30 minutes and is unrelieved by rest, position change or sublingual nitroglycerine administrations.
|
|
|
|
what is the action of nitrates
|
nitrates relieve angina pectoris by inducing relaxation of peripheral vascular smooth muscles, resulting in dilation of arteries and veins. This reduces venous blood return (reduced preload) to the heart, which in turn leads to decreased oxygen demands on the heart. nitrates increase myocardial oxygen supply by dilating large coronary arteries and redistributing blood flow, enhancing oxygen supply to ischemic areas.
|
|
|
|
when someone is having a hard time breathing what would you give them
|
smooth muscle dialater, bentalin
|
|
|
|
what does someone with parkinson`s disease look like
|
sluggish, dragging a foot or leg, vacant look on their faces
|
|
|
|
how much of the dopamine in the neurons and where are they located
|
80%
- in the substancia nigra pars compacta (grey matter) |
|
|
|
orthostatic hypo-tension, nocturnal sleep disturbances with daytime somnolence, depression and progressing dementia are often non-motor symptoms associated with what disease
|
Parksinsons
|
|
|
|
what type of dementia is caused by a reduction in dopamine producing cells in the substantia nigra par
|
primary or idiopathic parkinsonism
|
|
|
|
what type of dementia is cause by head trauma, intracranial infections, tumors and drug exposure
|
secondary dementia
|
|
|
|
what part of the body is usually affected first with parkinson`s
|
upper part of the body
|
|
|
|
what is sinemet
|
the combination of levadopa and carbidopa,used to treat Parkinson`s disease by stopping acetecholine from producing so dopamine can produce
|
|
|
|
where does heparin come from
|
natural substance extracted from gut and lung tissue of pigs and cattle. Heparin acts as a catalyst accelerate the rate of action of a naturally occurring inhibitor of thrombin. antithrombin 3 (sometimes called heparin confactor).
|
|
|
|
true or false
Heparin cannot dissolve existing clots but can help prevent new ones from establishing |
true
|
|
|
|
what is heparin used to treat
|
deep venous thrombosis. pulmonary embolism and peripheral arterial embolism, myocardial infarction and for per-cutaneous coronary interventions
|
|
|
|
what are some therapeutic outcomes from using heparin
|
when used in low doses prophylactically, heparin prevents deep venous thrombosis
-when used in large doses it is used to treat a thromboembolism and promote neutralization of activated clotting factors and preventing the extension of thrombi and the formation of emboli |
|
|
|
what can you not give to someone taking Heparin and why
|
aspirin
-because aspirin knocks heparin off the receptor and leaves more of it available to be absorbed |
|
|
|
what is furosamide and how and where does it work
|
loop dieuretic
Furosemide displaces warfarin from albumin-binding sites, increasing the amount of unbound anticoagulant. This interaction is managed by decreasing the warfarin dosage.furosemide is a diuretic used to treat excess fluid accumulation and edema. it increases renal blood flow and glomular filtration rate |
|
|
|
what happens to the brain and spinal cord when you start to get old
|
there is a decline in brain weight and a reduction in the blood flow to the brain
-does not affect thinking and behavior -can not detect these because they are nonspecific and slowly progressing |
|
|
|
what is arthritis
|
inflammatory disease and ti is an auto immune disease but it is a metabolic disorder because you are unable to get ride of uric acid
-common in older adults more so in women then in men |
|
|
|
what does intermittent claudication mean
|
(primary pathophysiology)
is obstruction of blood flow through the arteries resulting in ischemia to the tissues supplied by those arteries. |
|
