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124 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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How do pressure groups achieve success? |
▪︎Insider status ▪︎Running offices near places of power ▪︎Taking to the public ▪︎Online Campaigns ▪︎Social Media ▪︎Clickoracy ▪︎Trade Unions -> strikes |
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Why do pressure groups fail? |
▪︎The goal contradicts a government policy ▪︎ Government can resist pressure ▪︎ The Group alienates the public ▪︎ Are against popular opinion |
Any Remain in EU pressure group |
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What is the R.I.P.E acronym? |
Resources Ideological Compatibility Popularity Expertise |
For analysing Pressure Groups |
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What do Extinction Rebellion want? |
Immediate action on climate change |
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What do Extinction Rebellion do to garner attention of the government? |
▪︎ School Strikes ▪︎Gluing themselves to buildings/doors ▪︎Arrests, bring attention |
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What are Think Tanks? |
A group that generates ideas, work closely with political parties, can be natural or partisan. Staffed by Academics. |
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What does Partisan mean? |
Political bias |
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What are Lobbyists? |
They represent the interests of a particular group or cause and seek to influence politicians in its favour |
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What are Professional Bodies? |
Groups made up largely of Trade Unions or groups that represent professionals like doctors, nurses, and teachers |
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How has the approach towards civil liberties change since 1997? |
They stopped relying on common law and constitutional conventions, greater emphasis codifications of positive rights citizens have |
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Human Rights Act 1998 |
▪︎protects everyone ▪︎The right to a private life ▪︎ right to free speech ▪︎ human rights must be considered in new laws ▪︎ right to not be treated inhumanely ▪︎ European Convention of Human Rights |
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Freedom of Information Act 2000 |
▪︎right of access to information held by public bodies as long as it doesn't compromise national security ▪︎ensures freedom of the press by allowing journalists to access government information |
2009 MPs expeses scandal |
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Equality Act 2010 |
.▪︎Merged and consolidated all previous equality law into one ▪︎established 'protected characteristics' ▪︎ complies public bodies and businesses to make reasonable adjustments for these characteristics |
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What are the 'protected characteristics' under the Equality Act 2010? |
It is illegal to discriminate the following: - age - disability - gender reassignment - race - religion - sex - sexual orientation - marriage - civil partnership - pregnancy/maternity |
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What European act protects our data? |
The GDPR |
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Civil Responsiblities |
▪︎Paying taxes ▪︎ Serving on a jury ▪︎Coming into education ▪︎Complying with authority Freedoms can be restricted if they endanger collective good of society or national security |
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What does franchise and suffrage mean? |
Having the right to vote |
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Magna Carta 1215 |
Barons inserting clauses to protect the rights of all free freeborn Englishmen from the arbitrary rule of the monarchs. |
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The Great Reform Act 1832 |
Landowners with good annual income could vote |
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Second Reform Act 1867 |
Enfranchised part of the urban male working class in England and Wales |
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The Ballot Act 1872 |
Made sure each ballot is posted in secret to limit corruption and bribery |
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The Third Reform Act 1884-5 |
Most working men over 21 could vote |
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Representation of the People Act 1918 |
Enfranchised women over 30 who met minimum property qualifications |
(married, landowners, or university graduate) |
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Representation of the People Act 1928 |
Enfranchised everyone over 21, regardless of property qualifications |
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Representation of the People Act 1948 |
One person per vote, removed ability for universities to put forward their own MP |
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Representation of the People Act 1969 |
Voting age changed to 18 |
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Representation of the People Act 1983 |
Convicted people cannot vote at any parliamentary or local elections whilst in prison |
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Scottish Elections Act 2016 |
Lowered voting age to 16 only in Scotland |
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Who was the leader of the Women's Franchise League? |
Emmeline Pankhurst 1858 - 1928 |
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What did the Women's Franchise League advocate for? |
Women's rights to vote |
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What is First Wave Feminism? |
Based upon liberal ideology, suffragettes argued that liberal concepts of freedom, equality, and individualism were being unequally applied in society |
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What was the name of the woman who died at Epsom Downs? |
Emily Davison Happened in June 1913 Seen as a martyr and a turning point for women's suffrage |
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Impact of WWI on women's rights: |
Women were mobilised Within 6 months the amount of ammo produced increased by 20x Guns that took 1 year to make took 3 weeks Press was banned from reporting casualties |
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When were women made eligible for election as MPs in the House of Commons? |
1918 |
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When was the first woman elected as MP? |
1919 |
Nancy Astor |
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When did the opposition have their first female leader? |
1975 |
Margaret Thatcher |
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When was the first female PM elected? |
1979 |
Margaret Thatcher |
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When was the first black/minority ethnic female MP elected? |
1987 |
Diane Abbot |
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What is the percentage of females in the House of Commons as of 2019? |
34% |
220 |
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What is the percentage of females in the House of Lords as of 2019? |
25% |
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Arguments for changing the vote to 16 |
▪︎Would encourage political engagement ▪︎Young people already have other important rights ▪︎Young people are informed on politics, particularly due to the rise of social media ▪︎Would counterbalance old views |
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Arguments against changing the voting age to 16 |
▪︎Teenagers are too young to make rational decisions ▪︎Teenaged are seen as having less of a stake in society ▪︎Young people may be more absolute in their views due to influence from internet, parents, or friends |
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Arguments for making voting compulsory |
▪︎Motivates the electorate to become more politically engaged ▪︎Increaded turnout for greater legitimacy in policy decision making ▪︎Policies would have to apply to all members of society rather than target specific groups ▪︎Provides citizens with a sense of civic duty |
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Arguments against compulsory voting |
.▪︎Can be argued that not voting is a valid choice and human right ▪︎People may be uninformed and ill-advised ▪︎Massive costs in creating and maintaining the system to monitor participation ▪︎Bias in favour of large parties who are well known to uninformed electorate |
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What was the voting registration method before 2014? |
Household registration One person can register for an entire household, including those temporarily living away |
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What was the voting registration method after 2014? |
Individual Voter Registration, Each individual is responsible for registering themselves at a permanent address |
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What were the problems with Individual Voter Registration? |
Left as many as 1 million (students and young people) unable to vote as they were no longer registered and did not have a permanent address |
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Ways to make voting more conventient (problems with these in Hint): |
Online voting or polling away from polling stations (post office, supermarkets) |
Fraud, online voting could widen divide between those with and without access to technology |
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What kind of democracy can the UK be classified as? |
Pluralist democracy |
Political influence is dispersed among a wide variety of elected and non-elected bodies |
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Basic functions of pressure groups: |
▪︎To promote interests of communities who feel not fully represented by parties and parliament ▪︎To inform and educate about key political issues ▪︎Pass key information to government to inform and influence policy ▪︎Give people opportunity to participate in politics other than through voting or party membership |
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What does Evaluate mean? |
Review ideas, issues, and or information to make substantiated judgement and draw conclusion |
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What does "To what extent" mean |
Review political ideas and make substantiated judgements and draw conclusions |
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What does "Analyse" mean |
Deconstruct ideas, issues, and or information in detail in order to find connections, similarities, differences and provide evidence of reasoned thinking |
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What is Democracy? |
The idea of citizens getting a say in how they are governed and who governs them |
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What are Managed democracies? |
Countries such as Russia and China have elections, but they aren't very democratic (are only able to vote for one leader, or are punished for not voting for current leader) |
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What is direct democracy? |
A form of democracy in which citizens make political decisions (rather than elected representatives). |
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Where does sovereignty lie with in the UK? |
The Queen | V House Of Commons |
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What is a mandate? |
A political obligation |
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Advantages of Representative Democracy |
Cost effective simpler for the people allows more voices to be heard, perceived benefits of political parties, professional politicians |
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Negatives of Representative Democracy |
Open to corruption, Uninformed polutaltion, Political parties dont often follow through with their policies |
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Who was Edmund Burke? |
MP for Bristol 1774 - 1780 |
Said if be was to be elected as MP he would act on his conscience rather than what the electors expect him to |
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What is the Westminster Bubble? |
A mix of London based politicians, lobbyists, and median and environment where MPs can have conflicts of interests |
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How many women have been elected into the HoC since 1918? |
552 |
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Why will direct democracy never work in countries such as UK? |
Population size |
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Ways to make democracy more direct: |
Referendums Open primaries Electronic Petitions |
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Recall of MPs 2015 |
Allows constituency to force a by-election if an MP has been imprisoned or suspended, a petition has to be launched with 10% constituents signing to force the petition |
2019 - Labour MP Fiona Onsanya |
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What did the Liberal Party advocate for under William Gladstone? (1809 - 1989) |
Free trade Balanced Budgets Parliamentary and administrative reform Moral approach to foreign policy |
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How many periods did Gladstone have as Liberal Prime Minister? |
4 1868 - 74 1880 - 85 1886 1886 - 94 |
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What were the Liberal Party influenced by at the beginning of the 20th century? |
Scholars such as Green, Hobson, and Beveridge |
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What is Modern Liberalism? |
Acknowledging that the government should play an important role in advancing social justice as well as the importance of civil liberties, and the free market. |
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Why did the Liberal party lose support? |
Establishment of Labour in 1900s Suffered under first-past-the-post system |
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What is the issue with the first past the post system? |
Parties with a lot of widespread support can have a lot of supporters nationwide but win few or no seats |
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When were the Liberal Democrats formed? |
1981 |
Lib party formed alliance with the SDP to fight in 1983 and 1987 general elections |
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Why are the Lib Dems in support of a different voting system? |
It would help them gain power |
1997, won 17% of vote but got 7% of seats |
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When did David Cameron invite the LibDems into the coalition? |
2010 |
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How many seats and votes did the Libdems get in the 2005 elections? |
62 seats 22% of the vote |
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What are political parties responsible for?
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1) Selecting Candidates |
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In the 2017 General Election, what percentage of people felt their political views were represented?
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82.4%
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Conservative party 42.4%
Labour Party 40% |
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The Trade Union Act 2016 |
Changed the laws regarding trade union membership so that a new union member must now opt in if they wish their membership fee to go to the Labour Party
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Labour party |
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The Political Parties, Elections and Referendum Act 2000 |
Provided the funding of political parties with greater transparency and fairness.
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The amount a political party can spend in a constituency during an election |
£30,000 |
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What is the amount of money political parties have to declare if donated? |
Over £5000 |
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Where cannot political parties accept donations from? |
From non-UK citizens |
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What is legitimacy? |
The rightful use of power that agrees with pre-set criteria or agreements |
E.G. A Monarch's succession based on the agreed rules |
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What is a pluralist democracy? |
A type of democracy where a government makes decisions as a result of various ideas and arguments from groups and organisations |
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What are think tanks? |
A body of experts who focus on certain topics and advise the government |
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What are lobbyists? |
A person paid by a client to try and influence the government to act in their interest |
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What are the principles of Old Labour? |
Nationalisation, redistribution of wealth from rich to poor The provision of continually improving welfare and state services |
Largely rejected Thatcherite/free-market reforms or a Blairite approach |
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Principles of New Labour |
Heavy focus on the working class to a wider class base, and a less robust alliance with the trade unions |
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What is One Nation Conservatism? |
A paternalistic approach The rich having an obligation to the poor |
David Cameron and Theresa May |
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What is the New Right?
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those with a more authoritarian approach to morality and law and order and those who endorsed the free-market approach and the rolling back of the state in people’s lives and businesses. |
Neo-Conservatism vs Neo-Liberalism |
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What are classical liberals? |
Individual freedom with minimal state involvement |
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What are modern liberals? |
A reaction against free-market capitalism where freedom could no longer be defined as 'being left alone' |
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What is the FPTP system?
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The person with the most number of votes is elected |
Also called a plurality system |
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What is the AMS system? |
A hybrid system with two components or elements. |
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What is the STV system? |
System where you can rank your voting preferences and candidates must obtain certain quotas and get eliminated if they are not met |
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What is the SV system? |
Voters get two choices, if one obtains 50% they get chosen, if not then the supplementary choices get distributed |
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What is a safe seat? |
A seat with the same political party retains from election to election |
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What is a marginal seat? |
A seat that swings from party to party |
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What is a minority government? |
A government in office with no majority of seats in the Parliament. |
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What is class dealignment? |
Where individuals no longer identify with a certain class and fail to make class connections with their voting pattern |
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What is partisan dealignment? |
When you no longer vote for a party you've always voted for |
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What is governing competency? |
The perceived ability of the government to manage affairs of the state. |
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What is a mandate? |
The authority to implement the party's manifesto promises |
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What does unentrenched mean? |
A constitution with no special procedure for amendment |
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What does uncodified mean? |
A constitution not written in a single document |
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What does unitary mean?
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A political system where power is contained in a single place |
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What is the rule of law? |
Everyone must follow the law, even government |
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What is Statue law? |
Law passed by Parliament |
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What is Common law? |
Laws made by judges where law does not cover the issue or is unclear |
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What are conventions? |
Traditions not in law but influential in a political system |
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What is the Salisbury convention? |
The House of Lords does not delay or block legislation that was included in a government’s manifesto |
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What is Parliamentary Privilege? |
The right of MPs or Lords to make certain statements within Parliament without being subject to outside influence, including law. |
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What is a legislative bill? |
A proposed law passing through Parliament. |
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When was the European Communities Act? |
1972 |
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When was the Great Reform Act and what did it do? |
1832, allowed anyone who owned property worth more than £10 to vote |
Rotten boroughs were abolished and more seatswere allocated to the new industrial towns |
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Second Reform Act, when and what did it do? |
1867, Anyone who paid rent worth at least £10 or owned a small plot of land could vote |
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What is the Executive branch? |
The branch ofgovernment responsible for theimplementation of policy |
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What is the Legislative branch? |
The branch ofgovernment responsible forpassing laws |
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What is the Judiciary branch? |
The branch ofgovernment responsible forinterpreting the law and decidingupon legal disputes. |
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What is elective dictatorship? |
Wherethere is excessive concentrationof power in the executive branchof government. |
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Significance of Print Media |
- Influence - Reinforcement - Shaping the Agenda |
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Traditional political participation |
- Voting
- Attending political meetings - Contacting an MP - Joining a political Party - Joining a Trade Union - Joining a pressure group |
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Non-traditional political participation |
- Online activism - E-democracy - Political consumerism - Joining a social movement - Taking part in a demonstration |
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