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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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19th century evolutionism, beliefs and who
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empiricists believed in rational thought and universal truths, positivist science style of inquiry, observer is distanced and independent of object of study
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Imperialism and empiricists
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justified imperialism, colonialism, ideas about european social hierarchies imposed on tribal societies
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chase and von sturmer
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theory of instinct- women and native peoples are primitive because they react to instinct showing a lower mental capacity
nature. vs. culture divide |
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Tylorian definition of culture
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totality of humanly created world from material culture that results in knowledge meaning, art beliefs
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20th century change in anthropology
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radin, boas, culture is flexible, shared, learned, thoughts and beliefs
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Boas Pros
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-cultural relativism
-fundamental sameness of cultures with difs based on historical particulars -interaction of individual and society, affect each other |
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Boas Cons
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still talks about primitive, doesn't include women, inability to classify and compare cultures and must celebrate even wrong doings
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Boas problems with ethnology
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1. we are imposing a history on these people
2. cultures portrayed as static 3. ethnology doesn't theorize how cultures will change |
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Radin
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-contests negative stereotypes of "primitives"
-uses Winnebago indian's conduct rules to show us they are moral -still male perspective and mostly one indian as source |
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diffusionists
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how we theorize migration and movement
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functionalists and key figures
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how we theorize the function of relations in a society. Malin, RB, EEP
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Problems with EEP's writing of the Nuer
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uses "we" so audience agress, imposes western terms on people, generalizes creating a false sense of reality
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structuralist anthro
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beginning of interpretive anthro
levi-strauss- culture is a collection of arbitrary symbols and there is a fundamental pattern of binary contrasts in the collective conscience (sacred-profane) |
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Levi Strauss's other ideas
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-structures of primitive thought are present in the modern mind
-events from historical pasts survive in our minds as myth, making chronological sequence of events irrelevant, -focus on process not tangibles |
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Sahlins
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men survive in a definite way, more than just the fundamental practical use for objects, it's about the symbols they represent
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Problems with levi-strauss
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presumes same structures of logic for every person in society
imposes western categories |
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Geertz's notion of deep play
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stakes are so high it's irrational to engage in it, represents social hierarchy of balinese, gives a sense of insulting or affirmation of status, symbolic cocks, controlled by major people
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Ethnoscience
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-increased awareness of anthropologist
-how various peoples encode particular aspects of their MATERIAL environment -men and women classify differently |
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Pro's of Geertz
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writes with self awareness, uses reductive concepts but puts them in quotes
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Conklin
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ethnoscientist, uses a range of theories, argues color in a western sense is not a universal concept
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Jahoda
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ethnoscientist, uses and critiques psych, other cultures don't group body parts like we do
analyzes language sets and sees how those words affect society |
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Turner def of ritual
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prescribed formal behavior for occasions not given over to technological routine, referencing magical beings/objects
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Turner and symbols
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dominant symbols-people mobilize/worship and act symbolically around them
-symbol is the smallest unit of ritual, can help explain events |
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Turner's view of anthropology
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benefits to outside perspective, sees behind 2ary reasons,
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contextualization
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turner,using techniques to place the social phenomenon in its significant field setting to create effective knowledge
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gender
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-important in every society and used to classify social roles
-distinct classification for those who don't fit one of two |
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How and when did female anthropologists contribute?
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1960's onwards, women can uphold their exploitation by supporting the society
-better and more specific analyses of women's societal roles |
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Leacock
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-capitalism has forced otherwise equal women into a state of inferiority
-women can have diff. but equal roles -focus on men's lives allowed anthropologists to miss corresponding women's rituals, ideas, and power |
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Johnson article:white goods
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-women's power increased with age, able to force social relations to forward their wants
-white goods they bought reflected their consumer wants -feminist theorizing is by white-middle class women, no people of color making knowledge |
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Hobart's def. of developement
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more or less planned social and economic change
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Hobart; why development projects fail
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1. we ignore their knowledge making them inferior
2. policies are formed for western agencies 3. assume priority of techno over social needs We are the male country penetrating the powerless failed female country |
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Barbara Rogers
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status of women, isolates them more by ignoring the dif. situations women find themselves in, no male parallel
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Agency theory
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other cultures' people have the same agency and humanity as we do: can plan, scheme, advance themselves (rogers)
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Rogers: why development fails
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1. targeted at men
2.women's work or land rights are not acknowledged 3. individual isn't seen as separate from community |
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Montgomery (Structuralist, survivalist pragmantism).
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child prostitutes in N. Thailand:
1. children not recognized as agents, adult survivors 2. West romanticizes them, forcing innocence and need for help |
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Bourdieu
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(1st to look at own society-french)
1. dominant group in a society determines ranking symbols and what is good taste 2.they exchange economic capital for symbolic capital > cultural prestige |
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The French Mafia
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poststructuralism,no absolute truths, opens anthro for indigenous people to make knowledge about themselves
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structuralist constructivism
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Bourdieu- reality is a human construction, allowing for agency and understanding of how we are shaped by our social organization
-don't have to destroy theories that came before |
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habitus-
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pierre- perception, though, and action with constitute perople's cultures
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social classes
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groups we organize ourselves into usually by creating a sense of self and others
-usually condescend to those we see as socially lower -define self to show power-relations |
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Foucault
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power creates knowledge, interlocking relationship, powerless groups are subjugated unable to produce knowledge that fits within the dominant set of values
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Spivak
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3rd world scholar using western ideas to undermine western knowledge, must be aware of our ideology as we cannot escape it
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Foucault's legacy of questions
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What is the nature of truth in today’s world?
how is it controlled by power and the ability to resist it? |
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Foucault and experience
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was concerned with the idea of experience.
He defines experience as three modes through which individuals become subjects: 1 fields of knowledge with concepts; 2dividing practices or rules; 3the relationship to oneself. |
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nationalist thought in relation to colonized cultures
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Chatterjee: nationalism equated with progress in the Western world while ignoring the violence, racism, and oppression it can cause (state sanctioned violence against own members Stoler)
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Feldman
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N. Ireland political violence in a developed state
-people reconstitute identity and behavior according to settings -develops in response to internal colonialism -people on margins use it to secure and move equal distribution of wealth |
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Evaluate how female sexual behaviour is shaped in order to forge national identities
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ideas about racial purity of next generation, characteristics of the right woman to create the right stock
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nationalism definition
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ideology based on belief that people w/common characteristics like religion/ethnicity etc form a separate and distinct political community
(used to get social benefits) |
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Class ideology
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working and poor classes fight for nation
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Taylor
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Hutu/Tutsi women
-racial purity, men may sacrifice self for perceived kinship (nationalism) -power relations of Rwandas genocide are just as much about men and women as between men -hutu control in 59 but french stereotypes of tutsi women's beauty intact- the state sanctioned violence against its citizens |
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Stoler
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how gender terms affect authority and racial distinctions
-early 20th concern with racial degeneration, euro women to breed good stock |
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Concubinage
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wide variety of arrangements in which a Euro-man lives with an Asian women
-has sex and labor rights -legal rights to children |
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how did nationalism arise 2 ideas
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it was a romantic movement related to the unification of Germany and Italy, and exported to Africa and Asia on back of European colonialism
2.form of reactive politics against colonialism in societies where traditional modes of social organization have collapsed as a result of social changes introduced by external colonialism (aus. and cuba) |
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assumptions made by subjective scholars thinking they were objective
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1. all non-western cultures have singular group identity
2. indigenous people are an other, not a self 3. we can completely understand another culture |
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How does our academic framework create a productive tension?
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tension b/w desire to know and to represent
-fallacy of easy access -aren't allowed to include limitations/subjectivity |
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Politics of location
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-researcher's knowledge is shaped by and located in their particuluar social history
-both researcher and "other" should be considered selves of equal status |
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Abilogoud
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-language of powered anchors w. generalizations of others
-lang can exclude others causing them to be less human -lang constructs reality -lang code thoughts and symbols of the dominant group |
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What are the probs with generalization?
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-cause other cultures to look static and backward
-make all 3rd world women look like they need help -lumps the diverse experiences of nonwest into one -doesn't allow differences we allow ourselves for "others" |
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How should researchers better their ethnologies?
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-admit limitations and difficulties
-form international coalitions to recognize equality of dif. knowledge -be critical of your discipline -don't structure research so that you are the most powerful one |
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nativeness a trap?
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stoler- money and skin shade can buy your way out of nativeness
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adleman
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whites are damaged by thinking we are superior, missing out on what we could learn from others if we thought better of them
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mcintosh
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white privilege is an invisible package of unearned assets, special provision, and assurances which most whites are able to guarantee
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whiteness (definition)
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social and political classification that structures normativity and invisibility
-possible to disaffiliate -because analytical object of study in 90's |
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biological determinism
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idea of inherent characteristics unrelated to culture or environment determine how a person is
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Gould
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no such thing as race:
1. convergences 2. fluidity and gradations of people 3. discordance of characters |
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Omi and Winants 94
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Racial formation- though race may be socially produced it is still real as it social effects are felt (affirmative action, black power, etc)
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What makes something racist?
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if it creates or reproduces structures of domination based on essentialist categories of race
ie kkk, iq curve |
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Harms of categorizing according to race
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1. can limit access to other races
2. limit access into a country (white Aus. policy) 3. assumes immutable biological differences |
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RAcism is greater than anger
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must include power, politicians not just normal racist white man do harm
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White -Raced as what is to what
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men is to gendered, normal unmarked, default
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how are aborigines accepted in australia
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by assimilating, blame the victim if they don't, assume a common national identity ignoring discrepancy that makes them "inferior", overlook disadvantages
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