202 Test 2 Study Questions

Front 1

(Condorcet or Voltaire) Has nature set any limits to the realization of our hopes for the future?

Back 1

No, nature hasn't fixed any limits

Front 2

(Condorcet) What are the three heads under which our hopes for the future of the human race can be subsumed?

Back 2

1. The abolition of inequality between nations

2. The progress of equality within each nation

3. The true perfection of mankind

Front 3

(Condorcet) What are the three kinds of inequality that must be diminished?

Back 3

Wealth, social position, education

Front 4

Berkeley: Sensations cannot exist otherwise than how?

Back 4

in a mind perceiving them

Front 5

Berkeley: There is not any other substance than what?

Back 5

Spirit

Front 6

Berkeley: An idea can be like nothing but what?

Back 6

like an idea

Front 7

Berkeley: Why can there be no idea of a soul or spirit?

Back 7

Because the soul is the thing itself which perceives

Front 8

Berkeley: Do ideas perceived by the sense have a dependence on the perceiver's will?

Back 8

No, they depend on God's will

Front 9

Berkeley: Real things are the ideas imprinted on the sense by whom?

Back 9

God

Front 10

Hume: What are the two classes of perceptions of the mind?

Back 10

Ideas and impressions

(Impressions are more forceful)

Front 11

Hume: What are the principles of connection among ideas?

Back 11

resemblance, contiguity, cause and effect

Front 12

Hume: What are the two kinds of objects of human reason?

Back 12

Relation of ideas and matters of fact

Front 13

Hume: What is the foundation of reasoning concerning matters of fact?

Back 13

relations of cause and effect

Front 14

Hume: How do we arrive at a knowledge of cause and effect?

Back 14

Experience

Front 15

Hume: What principle determines one to form conclusions based on experience?

Back 15

Custom or Habit

Front 16

Hume: What is the chief obstacle to improvement in the moral or metaphysical sciences?

Back 16

The obscurity of the ideas, and ambiguity of the terms

Front 17

Hume: Does the necessary connection arise from experience of the world? from reflection on the operation of the mind? from consciousness of a power to create a new idea?

Back 17

No

Front 18

Hume: What is the definition of a cause?

Back 18

"An object followed by another, and whose appearance always conveys the thought to that other"

Front 19

Hume: What is a miracle? What is the consequence of his account?

Back 19

It is something that goes against the rules of nature. If it went with the rules of nature, it is not miraculous

Front 20

Hume: What are the two philosophical objections to the evidence of the senses?

Back 20

1. Natural instincts and reason disagree

2. Reason subverts the natural instincts

Front 21

Hume: What are the only objects of abstract science? What do all other inquiries regard?

Back 21

Math, or other things driven by definition

Front 22

Hume: What does Hume affirm of the rest of mankind?

Back 22

they are nothing but a bundle or collection of different perceptions, which succeed each other with an inconceivable rapidity, and are in a perpetual flux and movement

Front 23

Hume: The identity, which we ascribe to the mind of man, is only what?

Back 23

Only a fictitious one, and of a like kind with that which we ascribe to vegetables and animals

Front 24

Hume: What is the relation between reason and the passions?

Back 24

Reason is the slave of the passions (Voluntarist)

Front 25

Hume: From what are moral distinctions derived?

Back 25

the moral sentiments: feelings of approval and disapproval felt by spectators who contemplate a character trait or action

Front 26

Kant: What are analytical judgments?

Back 26

they express nothing but what has been already thought

Front 27

Kant: What is the proper problem upon which all depends?

Back 27

How are Synthetic Propositions a priori possible?

Front 28

Kant: What are the intuitions which pure mathematics lays at the foundation of all its cognitions?

Back 28

Space and Time

Front 29

Kant: What is requisite before a judgment of perception can become a judgment of experience?

Back 29

A concept

Front 30

Kant: All synthetical principles a priori are nothing more than what?

Back 30

principles of possible experience

Front 31

Kant: What are ideas?

Back 31

Pure concepts of reason

Front 32

Kant: What is The psychological idea?

Back 32

The soul, the ultimate subject of all experience

Front 33

Kant: What is the theological idea?

Back 33

God, the ground of all being

Front 34

Kant: What is the only thing that can be called good without qualification?

Back 34

A good will

Front 35

Kant: What is duty?

Back 35

The necessity to act out of reverence for the law

Front 36

Kant: What are the two ways imperatives command?

Back 36

Categorical and hypothetical

Front 37

Kant: What does the categorical imperative state (first formulation)?

Back 37

Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law (of nature).

Front 38

Kant: What is autonomy of the will?

Back 38

A will which makes universal law

Front 39

Kant: How should a rational being treat itself and all others?

Back 39

as an end in themselves and not as a means to something else

Front 40

Kant: What must presupposed as a property of the will of all rational beings?

Back 40

Freedom!

Front 41

Kant: What are the two standpoints?

Back 41

Theoretical reason and practical reason. The sensible and intellectual worlds

Front 42

Kant: Is there an explanation of freedom?

Back 42

autonomy???