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209 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fc receptor involved in neonatal, transporting IgG from blood to extracellular spaces?
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FcRn
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Fc receptor involved in activation of mast cells (degranulation)?
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FceRI
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Fc receptor involved in activation macrophages (phagocytosis)?
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FcgRI (CD64) , FcgRIIA
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Lack of IL-7, low T cell, normal B cell, reduced Ig
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SCID (X-L)
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Infections, Low leukocyte, low IgG, no B/T cells in blood
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SCID (AR)
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B cell immunodeficiencies, Low Ig, Normal T cell, avoid attenuated polio vaccine
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X-L agammagloulinemia (Bruton's), BTK deficiency
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B cell immunodeficiencies, Low IgG, some IgA/E
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Ig heavy chain deletions
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Facial abnormalities, Low T cell, poor vaccine response, use FISH to detect
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DiGeorge syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome)
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Eczema, nosebleeds, thrombocytopenia, poor T cell response, normal immune cells count
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Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
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Lack of HLA (MHC I or II), mutated TAP protein
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Bare Lymphocyte syndrome (BLS)
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Infections, diarrhea, High IgM, low IgG/IgA/IgE, normal B/T cell numbers
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X-L hyper IgM syndrome
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Acquired, adult onset, Normal B cell count but poor Ig response
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CVID (common variable immunodeficiency)
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B/T cell deficiency, recurrent infections of skin/lungs, AD, mutation in STAT3 gene, High IgE
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Hyper IgE syndrome (Job's)
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High serum AFP, mutated ATM gene, AD, jerky movement and enlarged blood vessels
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AT (Ataxia Telangiectasia)
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Temperary low IgG, normal response to vaccine, occurs during baby/mom Ig handoff
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Transient hypogammaglobulinemia
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Low IgA, Normal IgM/IgG, sinopulmonary infections, avoid IgA containing blood products else anaphylaxis
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Selective IgA deficiency
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Severe bacterial infections, Normal Ig and T count, defective NADPH oxidase function
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Chronic granulomatous disease
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Defective lysosomal function, Albinism
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Chediak-Higashi syndrome
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Deficiency in C1 INH, edema
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Hereditary Angioneurotic Edema
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Defect in MCP, DAF, inability to deactivate MAC
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Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
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rapid onset
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Acute
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later stage of an infectious disease or illness when the patient recovers and returns to normal
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Convalescent
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lowest concentration of virus that still infects cells
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Titer
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Only approved human used adjuvant
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Alum
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reaction to proteins in antiserum derived from an non-human animal source. It is a type of hypersensitivity, specifically immune complex hypersensitivity (type III)
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Serum sickness
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Patient sample plus Coomb's reagent (anti-human Ig) and look for agglutination
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DAT (direct aggulatination test)
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2 antibodies needed to be added, detects circulating anti-erythrocyte antibodies
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Indirect Anti-globin Test
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Bind complement up to see if all complement used up by antibody testing. No lysis means patient antibody present
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Complement fixation test
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Use of laser to measure classes of antibodies
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Nephelometry
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One antibody, mainly for microbes difficult to culture, add fluorescent
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DFA (direct fluorescent antibody)
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Two antibodies, mainly for detection in autoimmune diseases and infections
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Indirect fluorescent antibody
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Antibodies that agglutinate erythrocyte from other individuals
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Isoagglutinins
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Highly sensitive test for specific antigens or antibodies, sandwich
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ELISA
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Fluorescence marker - CD3+, CD4+
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Helper T cell
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Fluorescence marker - CD3+, CD8+
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CTL
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Fluorescence marker - CD3+, CD4+, CD25, FoxP3
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Treg
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Fluorescence marker - CD19+
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B cell
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Fluorescence marker - CD3-, CD16+, CD56+
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NK Cell
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Fluorescence marker - CD10
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Acute lymphocytic leukemia
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Fluorescence marker - CD14
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LPS receptor of monocyte
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Substance that evokes no immune response
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Tolerogen
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Low molecular weight substance requiring a carrier protein to elicit immune response
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Hapten
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3 types of vaccines ?
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1) Toxoid 2)Polysaccharide capsule of organism 3) Attenuated virus
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2 types of immunity acquisition and which has memory?
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Active/Passive, Active
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What antibody passes through placenta ?
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IgG
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What antibody is from breast milk?
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IgA
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2 types of adaptive immunity ?
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Humoral/Cell-mediated
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What type of cell is in humoral response?
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B lymphocyte, only ones to make antibodies
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What type of cell is in cell-mediated response?
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T lymphocyte
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Cells that secrete cytokines to promote neutrophil-mediated inflammation
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TH17 (T lymphocyte)
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T cells that secrete cytokines to activate B cells to make antibodies
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TH2 (T lymphocyte)
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Cells that secrete IFN-g to activate macrophages to kill phagoctized microbes
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TH1 (T lymphocyte)
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Primary response (IgM/IgG levels)
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IgM > IgG
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3 Classes of lymphocytes ?
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1) B cells 2) T cells 3)NK cells
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What is major APC (antigen presenting cell)
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dendritic (Langerhan) cell (minor = macrophages, B cells)
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What coordinates and directs immune response ?
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Cytokines
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what directs cell migration ?
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Chemokines
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Where is immune response initiated?
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In peripheral lymphoid organs
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Where is B cell zone in lymph (and spleen) tissue ?
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In Follicles (spleen) or germinal centers in cortex under capsule
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Where is T cell zone in lymph tissue?
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Paracortex
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Where is T cell zone in spleen?
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PALS (periarteriolar lymphoid shealth)
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What T cells are found in intraepithelilal region?
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gamma delta T cells (all other T cells are alpha beta)
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What lymphocytes are found in peritoneal and pleural cavities?
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B1, mainly secreting IgM
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What lymphocytes are found in spleen?
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MZB (marginal zone B) cells
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What engages PAMPS (pathogen associated molecular patterns) ?
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PRR (Pathogen Recognition Receptors)
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Two important transcription factors, initiated by PRR (TLR) binding ?
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1) NFkB 2) IRF-3
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Three important cytokines?
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1) TNF 2) IL-2 3)IL-6
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Complement activation can be activated 3 ways ?
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1) Alternative pathway (absence of inhibiting factors on microbial surface) 2) classical (binding to Ig) 3)Lectin (binding to mannose)
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Important (complement protein) opsonin in innate immunity ?
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C3b
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Which active (complement) molecules promote inflammation in innate immunity by stimulating histamine release and leukocyte attraction ?
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C3a and C5a (C5a most important, both anaphylatoxins)
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What is rolling mediated by ?
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Selectins (TNF & IL-1 express increase adhesion molecules through chemokines)
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Which complement protein inserts into microbial wall and induces cell death via osmotic lysis?
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Membrane attack complex (MAC)
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What tethers leukocytes to stop rolling ?
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Integrins (ICAMs bind to)
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What is diapedesis (extravasation) mediated by?
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PECAM (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule)
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What LAD (Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency)1 characterized by?
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Problem with integrin
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What LAD (Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency)2 characterized by?
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Missing selectin
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What is most important phagocyte?
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Neutrophils
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What converts H2O2 to Hypochlorous acid?
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Myelopheoxidase
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What do monocytes that enter extravascular tissue become?
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Tissue macrophage
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What do NK cells respond to to cause IFN-g secretion?
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IL-12
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What on NK cells binds to Class I MHC molecules to inactivate?
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Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) (active part of Fc on B cell)
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Induce antiviral state and increase expression of class I MHC to signal T cells, block viral replication
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Type 1 IFNs (IFNa, IFNb)
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What two signals are required for lymphocyte activation?
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1) Antigen 2) Second Signal
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3 superoxide anions
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1) hydroxyl radical 2) peroxynitrite anion 3) hypochlorous acid
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What are innate immunity cells (4) ?
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1)Phagocytes 2)Dendritic 3)Complement 4)NK cells
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What are 3 effector cells ?
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1) T cells 2)macrophages 3)granulocytes
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What are 2 granulocytes?
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1) neutrophils 2)eosinophils
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coats antigen to prepare for phagoctization
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opsonin
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A chemotactic agent that recruits WBC to infection
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CXCL8
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term to indicate shift towards more immature neutrophils ?
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Left shift
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highly susceptible to bacterial and fungal infections when?
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Neutropenic
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Cytokine that helps cell return to hemostasis, inhibition of IL-12 production
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IL-10
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In class II MHC where is allogenic variability ?
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b chain
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In class II MHC what removes CLIP?
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DM
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Antigenic determinants in Fab region
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Idiotype
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(light or heavy) chain can be changed after activation by antigen?
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Heavy
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Strength of antigen-antibody binding
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Affinity
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Total strength of antigen-antibody plus other bindings
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Avidity
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Antibody most abundant over mucosal surfaces
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IgA (breast milk)
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Antibody important to opsonization, CTL (Cytotoxic T lymphocytes) and feedback inhibition of B cells
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IgG (cross placenta, 1-4)
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Antibody first made in response to protein vaccination, on naive as well, complement activation
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IgM
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Antibody responsible for mast cell activation and defense against helminths
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IgE
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Antibody that is naive B cell antigen receptor
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IgD
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Ig/Antibody aka ?
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BCR
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V and first C region of antibody?
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Fab
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Rest of C region of antibody?
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Fc
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What is always membrane-bound, never secreted?
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TCR
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Has chain of one V and one C region?
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TCR
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(light or heavy) determines class of Ig?
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Heavy (C region)
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(light or heavy) kappa and lambda?
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Light
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TCR signalling mediated by (2)?
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1)CD3 2)zeta
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BCR signalling mediated by (2)?
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Iga and IgB
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Recognize antigens in native conformation
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BCR
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Recognize cell associated processed antigens
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TCR
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Major region of antigen binding in variable region of both BCR and TCR?
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CDRs (3 specifically)
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Average affinity increases during immune response
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BCR
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Slow on/off rate
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TCR
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Variable region of heavy chain (and b chain of TCR) in Ig contain?
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V,D,J
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Variable region of light chain (and a chain of TCR) in Ig contain?
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V, J
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Production of heavy chain by (generation of variable regions of both BCR and TCR)?
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Rag 1, 2 (VDJ recombinase)
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What is produced first in RAG (recombinase activating gene) process?
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mu heavy chain
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3 addition ways to generate junctional diversity ?
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1) Removal of nucleotides during rearrangment 2) [N regions] addition of nucleotides by TdT (terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase) 3) P nucleotides
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Cell arrest from strong self Ag recognition, followed by new light chain rearrangement, followed by positive selection
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Receptor Editing
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Proteins that allow H chain to express prior to L chain which is needed for H chain transport to cell surface of B cell
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SLC (Surrogate light chain)
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one process shuts off recombination of Ig heavy chain genes on second chromosome, because of which each B cell can express Ig from only one of the two inherited parental alleles
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Allelic Exclusion
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Recurrent viral and fungal infections (DiGeorge syndrome/athymic)
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T cell deficiency
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Recurrent bacterial infections
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B cell deficiency
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Defects in what prevents maturation of B cell to Pro-B ?
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ADA (Adenosine deaminase)
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Defects in what prevents maturation of B cell to Pre-B (H chain recomb) ?
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RAG (Recombinase-activating gene)
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Defects in what prevents maturation of B cell to Immature B (adding light chain) ?
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BTK (Bruton's tyrosine kinase)
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What do Pro-T cells have?
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Double negative (CD4- and CD8-)
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T cell that recognizes Class I ?
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CD8+
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T cell that recognizes Class II ?
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CD4+
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Directs migration into lymphoid tissues and augments expression of co-stimulatory and MHC molecules, beginning of T cell maturation process
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CCR7
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chemokine that attracts naive T cells, secreted by mature T cells
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CCL18
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2 Types of dendritic cells
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1) Conventional 2) Plasmacytoid
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Main antigen presenting DC, possessess all TLR except TLR9 ?
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Conventional
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DC that facilitates production of IL-12, express TLR9
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Plasmacytoid
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Where do T cells enter lymph node paracortex from blood?
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HEV (high endothelial venules)
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What do naive T cells bind to in lymph after entering HEV?
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GlyCAM-1 and CD34 to L-selectin on cell
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What happens to T cell after rolling ?
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Activated LFA-1 (CR3) (integrin) on cell binds to ICAM-1
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What chemokine attracts naive T cell to LN ?
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CCL21 (SLC, secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine) binds to CCR7 on cell
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What drives T cells to leave LN ?
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S1P (sphingosine-1-phosphate)
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What down regulates S1P ?
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CD69
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What are the (2) things FTY720 (fingolimod) do?
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S1P agonist, prevent egress of T cells1) increase tight junctions to close exit portals 2) inactivation of S1P receptors
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What are (3) things needed for naive T cell activation ?
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1) MHC antigen 2)Co-stimulater 3)Cytokine
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Activation of T cell adds what to IL-2 binding ?
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alpha (beta, gamma already there) unit in IL-2 receptor increasing affinity, like growth factor
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Receptor that down regulates/deactivates effector cells by binding to B7?
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CTLA-4 (CD28 has opposite effect)
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T cell that activates macrophages by releasing IFN-g, virus and intercellular bacteria
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TH1
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T cell that activates eosinophils, mast cells by secretion of IL -4,5,13, for helminthic
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TH2
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Secrete IL-17,22 induce chemokines from epithelial and stromal cell to recuit neutophils at infection, fast
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TH17
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T cell that activates B cell by releasing CD40L, IL-4, IL-21 to facillitate antibody production
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TFH (Follicular B helper T cell)
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Suppress T cells
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Treg
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Enzyme released by CTL that induces apoptosis of target cell?
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Granzymes
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Enzyme released by CTL that aids in delivery of gramzymes
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Perforin
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What cytokine needs to be present for naive T cell to become TH17 cell ?
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TGF-B and high IL-6,1 (from infection)
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In absense of infection naive T cell becomes (TGF-b, low IL-6) ?
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Treg
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What cytokine needs to be present for naive T cell to become TH2 cell ?
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IL-4
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What cytokine needs to be present for naive T cell to become TH1 cell ?
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IL-12 and IFN-g
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Helminths cause NK cells to secrete what which causes native T cells to be TH2 ?
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IL-4
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What cytokines are needed for memory T cells to survive ?
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IL-7, IL-15
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Where are central memory T cells and what do they express?
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lymphoid, CCR7
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Where are effector memory T cells and what do they express?
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tissues, CCR3 and CCR5
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Induce proliferation of antigen activated T cells after activation, T cell growth factor
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IL-2
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Rapid increase in number of antigen specific lymphocytes
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Clonal Expansion
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What antibody is mainly secreted by MZB's and B-1 B's?
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IgM
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Which B cells are able to Isotype switch antibodies (IgG, IgA, IgE)?
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Follicular B Cells
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Signals from Iga and Igb are faciliated by ?
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phosphorylation
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What ligand is need for class switching?
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CD40L
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Where do B and T cells meet in lymph?
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At edge of B cell follicle
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Where does isotype switching occur (with Follicular B Cells)?
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At germinal centers
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Where does affinity maturation occur?
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At germinal centers
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What receptor is involved in Antibody feedback to turn off B cell?
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Fc
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Process by which NK and leukocyte bind to antibody and kill that cell (FcgRIII receptor CD16 on NK cells)
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ADCC (antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity)
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What is the common protein in all 3 complement pathways?
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C3 Convertase (made of C3b/Bb or C4b/2a)
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What first proteins to come together in Classical and Lectin pathway of complement activation?
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C4b/2a
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Complement Protein that binds to antigen-antibody complex in Classical pathway of complement activation initiation?
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C1
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Protein that binds to antigen in Lectin pathway of complement activation initiation?
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Mannose
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When Neisseria seen in patients think
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Complement problem
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How to distinguish Thymus from other lymph tissue ?
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thymic (Hassall’s) corpuscles
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T cells can only recognize what kind of molecule ?
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Proteins
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Part of antigens recognized by antibodies?
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epitopes (or determinants)
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What is a T cell costimulator need for activation ?
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CD28 receptor stimulation by B7
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What interaction in T cells make APCs secrete more B7 and IL-12 (i.e. - if B cell shows T cell an antigen it has seen before then it will secrete)?
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CD40-CD40L
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What are 3 Transcription pathways?
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1) calcium-NFAT (by Calcineurin) 2) Ras-MAP kinase (by ERK, JNK)3) NF-kB (by PKC)
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What is used to immunosuppress by blocking calcineurin preventing cytokine production?
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cyclosporine
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Cytokine that inhibits T cell activation and differentiation of Treg
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TGF-b
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Binding C3d - CR2 does what?
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Complement protein enhancing antigen dependent activation of B cell response
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What plays key role in recombination of Ig heavy chain isotype switching and in affinity maturation?
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AID (activation induced deaminase)
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Initiates assembly of MAC (which are late complement components) in complement system?
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C5b
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What 2 proteins regulate complement activation ?
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1) DAF/MCP or CR1 (decay-acclerating factor) = C3b clevage by Factor I 2) C1 INH (C1 inhibitor)
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What special Fc helps IgA move through epithelium?
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poly-Ig receptor
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What defects result in LAD?
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SleX and CD18
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Interleukin responsible for the production of inflammation, as well as the promotion of fever and sepsis
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IL-1
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interleukin that acts as both a pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine. It is secreted by T cells and macrophages to stimulate immune response, e.g. during infection and after trauma
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IL-6
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Convert inert protein antigens to minic pathogenic microbe to elicit T cell response
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Adjuvant
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Deficiency of C1 INH disease?
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Hereditary angioneurotic edema
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Deficiency of DAF and MCP disease?
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Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
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Fc receptor involved in down regulation of B cell activity
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FcgRIIB (CD 32)
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Fc receptor involved in ADCC of NK cells?
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FcgRIIIA (CD16)
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Fc receptor involved in neonatal, transporting IgG from blood to extracellular spaces?
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FcRn
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Fc receptor involved in activation of mast cells (degranulation)?
|
FceRI
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Fc receptor involved in activation macrophages (phagocytosis)?
|
FcgRI (CD64) , FcgRIIA
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Resistance to phagocytosis, used of capsule
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Pneumococci
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Resistance to ROS, produces catalase to break down ROS
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Staphylcocci
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Resistance to complement activation (C3 convertase/C3 binding)
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Neisseria meningitidis / Streptococci
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Resistance to antimicrobial peptide
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Pseudomonas
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Blocks C9 binding and prevents formation of MAC
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CD59
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Important alternative pathway proteins (4) ?
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1) C3 2)Factor B 3)Factor D 4)Properdin
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