2011 Pope County 4-H Glpb Beef Terminology

Front 1

calf crop

Back 1

% of calves produced in a herd relative to the number of females that were exposed at the beginning of the breeding year

Front 2

cervix

Back 2

neck of the uterus; serves as a passageway for the sperm at breeding time and for the calf as it is being born

Front 3

steer

Back 3

castrated male calf

Front 4

wean

Back 4

To take the calf from its mother; usually 6-8 months of age

Front 5

afterbirth

Back 5

membrane in which the calf develops and through which is receives nourishment

Front 6

feeder calf

Back 6

a young calf, 5-9 months of age, that is weaned and started on a feeding program

Front 7

structural soundness

Back 7

condition of the skeleton, esp feet and legs

Front 8

external parasites

Back 8

parasites that live on the outside of animals...ex flies, lice, ticks

Front 9

immunity

Back 9

when the body builds up a resistance from a disease organism

Front 10

reticulum

Back 10

Honeycomb compartment retains foreign materials that could injure the digestive system; called the hardware stomach

Front 11

superovulation

Back 11

process of treating a cow with hormones to cause her to release several eggs from an ovary at one time; eggs are then fertilized and later removed and placed into recipient cows (called embryo transfer)

Front 12

prostaglandin

Back 12

compound that is naturally produced in the reproductive system of the cow; also produced commercially and used to synchronize estrus

Front 13

goiter

Back 13

Disease caused by deficienty of iodine

Front 14

carbohydrates

Back 14

nutrient group which includes starch, sugar and cellulose

Front 15

scours

Back 15

Persistent diarrhea is known as what

Front 16

resistance

Back 16

protection from a disease organism

Front 17

pigeon toed

Back 17

toes turn in toward each other; more problematic than splayfooted

Front 18

hormone

Back 18

body-regulating chemical secreted by a gland into the blood stream

Front 19

market steer

Back 19

finished cattle that are ready for marketing

Front 20

dressing %

Back 20

proportion of carcass wt relative to live wt of an animal; 63% for beef

Front 21

nutrients

Back 21

ingredients that make up a ration

Front 22

adjusted 205 day wt

Back 22

The weaning wt of a calf adjusted to 205 days of age and for the age of the dam

Front 23

flight zone

Back 23

is the animals safety zone

Front 24

conception

Back 24

when the egg from the female and the sperm from the bull join and begin for form a calf embryo

Front 25

embryo transfer

Back 25

surgically removing fertilized eggs from a donor cow and placing them in a recipient cow

Front 26

cecum

Back 26

pouch found at junction of small and large intestine

Front 27

anemia

Back 27

Iron deficiency

Front 28

medium priced cuts

Back 28

chuck, round

Front 29

cud

Back 29

bolus (ball) of feed that cattle regurgitate from the rumen and chew; helps digest feed

Front 30

protein

Back 30

dietary nutrient that supplies amino acids to the calf

Front 31

gestation

Back 31

period of time from when the cow conceives until she calves; usually around 283 days in beef

Front 32

heredity

Back 32

passing on of genetic or physical traits of parents to offspring

Front 33

semen

Back 33

sperm mixed with fluids from the accessory glands of the male

Front 34

free choice

Back 34

allowing cattle to have access to feed at all times

Front 35

lactation

Back 35

process of producting milk

Front 36

pedigree

Back 36

summary of ancestral names of 3-5 generations

Front 37

registered cattle

Back 37

cattle of a certain breed that are registered by having the animal's name, and parent's names/numbers recorded by the breed association

Front 38

progeny

Back 38

offspring of animals

Front 39

abortion

Back 39

premature expulstion of undeveloped fetus

Front 40

fat thickness

Back 40

typical linear measurement of fat taken over the rib eye between the 12th & 13th rib

Front 41

TDN total digestible nutrients

Back 41

estimate of the energy requirements; used to formulate rations and show feed values of different types of feed

Front 42

vulva

Back 42

External opening to the female reproductive system

Front 43

castrate

Back 43

to remove the testes from a bull so that it cannot reproduce

Front 44

breech birth

Back 44

backwards

Front 45

stillborn

Back 45

The name given to fully developed baby animals found dead at birth or in the afterbirth

Front 46

purebred

Back 46

animal whose parents are from the same breed

Front 47

phenotype

Back 47

characteristics of an animal that can be seen or measured

Front 48

club calf

Back 48

special type of feeder calf which is though to have excellent potential

Front 49

brood cow

Back 49

female kept to produce calves

Front 50

progeny

Back 50

offspring

Front 51

pin bones

Back 51

bones on either side of the tailhead

Front 52

wholesale cuts

Back 52

chuck, rib, loin, round, shank, brisket, plate and flank

Front 53

microminerals

Back 53

elements needed in small quantities

Front 54

palatability

Back 54

degree to which an animal likes its feed

Front 55

genetics

Back 55

passing on of genetic or physical traits of parents to offspring

Front 56

low priced cuts

Back 56

brisket, flank, plate, shank

Front 57

heterozygous

Back 57

carrying unlike genes for the same trait

Front 58

open cow

Back 58

cow or heifer that isn't pregnant

Front 59

minerals

Back 59

elements required by cattle to build bones and teeth and to support other life processes

Front 60

withdrawal time

Back 60

Period of time that must elapse b/t last treatment and harvest of the animal

Front 61

pathogen

Back 61

an agent that can cause disease

Front 62

exotic breed

Back 62

breed of cattle which originated on the continent of Europe

Front 63

sire

Back 63

father of a calf (bull)

Front 64

heterosis

Back 64

the amt by which crossbred animals exceed the avg for the two purebreds that are crossed to produce the crossbreds

Front 65

recessive gene

Back 65

gene that affects the way an animal looks (phenotype) when present as a homozygous pair. must be passed from both parents to be expressed in the offspring

Front 66

sire summary

Back 66

published results of national sire evaluation programs that compare sires on different economically important traits

Front 67

internal parasite

Back 67

parasites that live inside the body; ex. stomach worms, tape worms, liverflukes

Front 68

performance pedigree

Back 68

pedigree that includes performance records

Front 69

crossbreeding

Back 69

mating of animals of different breeds; takes advantage of heterosis

Front 70

accuracy

Back 70

Amt of reliability that can be placed on a trait that is being evaluated. Expressed as a figure from 0.0 to 1.0--closer to 1.0 is more reliable

Front 71

breeding season

Back 71

Period of time when the females are bred by the herd bull or thru AI

Front 72

heterozygous

Back 72

carrying unlike genes for the same trait

Front 73

creep feeding

Back 73

supplementing calves with feed while they are still nursing their mother

Front 74

replacement heifer

Back 74

female that is being kept for use in the breeding herd

Front 75

postpartum interval

Back 75

time from calving until a cow rebreeds; must be 80 days or less to maintain 365 day calving interval

Front 76

ionophores

Back 76

feed additives used to increase growth and feed efficiency

Front 77

feedlot

Back 77

cattle facility which feeds immature beef cattle to the point of harvest

Front 78

MPPA Most Probable Producing Ability

Back 78

an estimate of a cow's future productivity for a trait, such as her calves' weaning wt, based on past productivity

Front 79

fertility

Back 79

description of how productive a breeding animal will be in terms of reproductive abilities

Front 80

abomasum

Back 80

4th compartment of the stomach; true stomach; digestion occurs here

Front 81

ovulation

Back 81

the time when the egg is released from the ovary; 10-16 hours after standing heat in cows

Front 82

rib eye area

Back 82

surface area of the longissimus dorsi muscle between the 12th/13th rib of a carcass

Front 83

frame score

Back 83

way of estimating what wt cattle will be when they have reached slaughter condition; based on age and hip height

Front 84

buck-kneed

Back 84

when the calf is "over at the knees" or buck kneed, full extension of the knee can't occur when observed from the side

Front 85

embryo

Back 85

term for the fertilized egg during the early part of pregnancy

Front 86

feed concentrate

Back 86

grain mixtures such as corn, oats and soybean meal fed in a ration

Front 87

conformation

Back 87

general shape or structure of a beef animal's build

Front 88

feed conversion (feed efficiency)

Back 88

measurement of the amt of feed an animal must eat to gain one pound

Front 89

gene

Back 89

basic unit of heredity found in pairs on chromosomes

Front 90

dystocia

Back 90

birthing difficulty

Front 91

estrogen

Back 91

hormone that brings a female into heat and prepares her for breeding

Front 92

parturition

Back 92

act of giving birth

Front 93

diet

Back 93

nutritionally balanced mixture of feed ingredients

Front 94

estrous cycle

Back 94

reproductive cycle of the female that prepares an egg for fertilization; 21 days in cows

Front 95

F1

Back 95

offspring that result from mating a purebred bull to a purebred female of another breed

Front 96

seam fat

Back 96

fat found between muscles

Front 97

pins

Back 97

What is the common name of the bones located to either side of the tailhead on a heifer or cow

Front 98

splayfooted

Back 98

feet toe out away from each other

Front 99

forages

Back 99

plants used as feed for livestock

Front 100

retained ownership

Back 100

practice of a feeder calf producer that keeps or retains his cattle until they are ready for harvest

Front 101

line breeding

Back 101

form of inbreeding in which an attempt is made to concentrate the inheritance of an outstanding ancestor in a herd

Front 102

ruminant

Back 102

animal that has 4 stomach compartments

Front 103

fertilization

Back 103

the time when the male sperm fertilizes the female egg

Front 104

dehorn

Back 104

to remove the horns from an animal

Front 105

out crossing

Back 105

mating of individuals that are less closely related than the avg of the the breed; used to introdude new unrelated sires to the herd

Front 106

antibiotics

Back 106

substances made from organisms that can kill bacteria; they are used to fight diseases caused by bacteria

Front 107

calf

Back 107

young beef animal less than 1 year old

Front 108

heritability

Back 108

amt of differences among cattle measured or observed that is transmitted to the offspring

Front 109

genotype

Back 109

genetic composition of an animal

Front 110

host

Back 110

What is the name for the animal upon which a parasite lives

Front 111

custom feeding

Back 111

cattle producers that maintain ownership of their feeder cattle but place them on feed at another operator's feedlot until they're ready for slaughter

Front 112

inbreeding

Back 112

production of offspring from parents more closely related that the avg of a population; increases proportion of homozygous genes, prepotency and uncovers recessive genes (desirable and not desirable)

Front 113

marbling

Back 113

the fat within the muscle

Front 114

quarantine

Back 114

Separation of sick animals from healthy ones or when bringing new animals home

Front 115

cryptorchid

Back 115

one or more of the testicles is retained in the body cavity

Front 116

estrus

Back 116

the part of the estrous cycle when a female may be successfully bred; occurs just before the ripened egg is released from the ovary and is ready to be fertilized by the sperm cell

Front 117

homozygous

Back 117

carrying identical genes for the same trait

Front 118

high priced cuts

Back 118

loin, rib

Front 119

roughage

Back 119

coarse or bulky feeds that are high in fiber (corn silage, pasture, hay)

Front 120

EPD expected progeny difference

Back 120

the estimate of how future offspring of a sire are expected to perform in various traits; expressed in pounds (lbs.)

Front 121

standing heat

Back 121

window of time during estrus (heat) when a female is receptive to mating

Front 122

heat

Back 122

another name for estrus; part of reproductive cycle where female can be successfully bred

Front 123

bloat

Back 123

Abnormal condition of ruminants due to accumulation of gasses; usually seen on the animal's upper left side

Front 124

anemia

Back 124

Condition caused by iron deficiency

Front 125

residue

Back 125

amt of a substance that remains in an animal's body tissue after exposure to a substance (such as feed or water additive, injectable or external treatment or by accident)

Front 126

sickle hocked

Back 126

hock has too much angle or set; animal stands too far underneath itself

Front 127

bloom

Back 127

desirable condition of skin and hair coat

Front 128

legume

Back 128

non-grass plant that produces nitrogen in its roots; higher in protein and minerals

Front 129

preconditioning

Back 129

systematic method of reducing stress; includes vaccinating, treating for parasites, weaning, castrating and dehorning

Front 130

placenta

Back 130

Membrane in which the calf develops and through which it receives nourishment

Front 131

sperm

Back 131

male sex cells produced in the testicles

Front 132

cutability

Back 132

% of boneless, closely trimmed retail cuts from the round, loin, rib and chuck

Front 133

sibling

Back 133

brother or sister of an individual

Front 134

AI

Back 134

placing the semen from a bull into a cow's reproductive tract using an artificial method

Front 135

heat synchronization

Back 135

technique using hormones to bring a group of females into heat at the same time to be able to breed all of them in a short period of time

Front 136

KPH fat percentage

Back 136

amt of fat contained in the regions of the kidney pelvis and heart relative to the carcass wt

Front 137

ratio

Back 137

indication of how well or how poorly cattle compare in a certain trait to others in a group

Front 138

progesterone

Back 138

female hormone that maintains pregnancy in the female

Front 139

quality grade

Back 139

factors associated with palatability characteristics of the edible portion of meat

Front 140

zoonotic diseases

Back 140

diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans

Front 141

carcass traits

Back 141

characteristics of cattle such as muscling & leanness which can be estimated on live animals but only accurately measured on carcasses

Front 142

hybrid vigor

Back 142

same as heterosis; the amt by which crossbred animals exceed the avg of the two purebred

Front 143

maternal breed

Back 143

breeds primarily used for brood cows in a cow/calf herd

Front 144

dominanat gene

Back 144

gene that determines the way an animal looks

Front 145

finish

Back 145

amount of fat cover on an animal

Front 146

yield grade

Back 146

refers to the % of a carcass which can be sold as boneless meat. 5 yld grades are 1,2,3,4,5 (1 is highest yld and most desirable)

Front 147

dam

Back 147

mother of a calf

Front 148

ration

Back 148

daily mixture of feed ingredients given to cattle

Front 149

rickets

Back 149

Diseased caused by lack of Vitamin D; leads to soft bones

Front 150

dual-purpose breed

Back 150

a breed which can be raised for beef as well as milk production

Front 151

supplement

Back 151

feed ingredient added to the ration or provided to the cattle free choice

Front 152

ovary

Back 152

famle organ that produces eggs; two in the female reproductive tract

Front 153

retail cuts

Back 153

cuts of meat that the consumer buys at the meat counter

Front 154

colostrum

Back 154

"The first milk a newborn animal that give immunity to disease; contains antibodies

Front 155

grass tetany

Back 155

Disease caused by deficienty of magnesium

Front 156

dressing percentage

Back 156

Carcass weight divided by live weight and multiplied by 100 equals what

Front 157

bull

Back 157

an intact (non-castrated) male

Front 158

parasites

Back 158

organisms that live off another organism

Front 159

postlegged

Back 159

hock has too little angle or set. animal is too straight in the joint, resulting in stiff constricted movement; more problematic than sickle hocked

Front 160

backgrounding

Back 160

Practice of grazing cattle up to about 800 pounds b4 placing them on a high concentrate finishing diet in a feedlot. Cattle are fed to gain approx 1. to 1.5 lbs./day during backgrounding

Front 161

terminal sire

Back 161

sire used in a commercial herd where all calves will be sold

Front 162

heifer

Back 162

young female beef animal that hasn't calved

Front 163

dark cutter

Back 163

condition in which the lean meat of a beef carcass has a darker than normal color. Due to stressed conditions prior to processing; lead to acidic pH (metallic flavor and shorter shelf life)

Front 164

hooks

Back 164

hip bones

Front 165

uterus

Back 165

female reproductive organ where the embryo develops during pregnancy

Front 166

polled breed

Back 166

cattle that do not grow horns

Front 167

chromosome

Back 167

molecules where genes are located. Cattle have 30 pair

Front 168

calf kneed

Back 168

Calf stands "back at the knee" when viewed from the side

Front 169

freemartin

Back 169

female calf born twin to a bull; 90% are infertile

Front 170

calving ease

Back 170

refers to the lack of difficulty in giving birth

Front 171

vitamins

Back 171

Dietary nutrients needed in very small amts for the health of eyes, nasal passages & lungs, for strong bones, for blood clotting and other body functions