2011 Pope County 4-H General Livestock Project Bowl Swine Glossary

Front 1

Substances or medications used in swine rations to stimulate growth, improve feed efficiency, secure uniformity or performance and help to control infections.

Back 1

Additives

Front 2

Fatty connective tissue; commonly the part of the body where fat is stored.

Back 2

Adipose tissue

Front 3

Chemical substances produced by certain living cells, such as bacteria, yeasts, and mold, which are antagonistic or damaging to certain other living cells, such as disease-producing bacteria. They may kill disease germs or prevent them from growing and multiplying.

Back 3

Antibiotics

Front 4

Protein in the blood modified by contact with a foreign substance (antigen) so that it exerts an antagonizing or neutralizing action against that specific substance. They are chiefly associated with gamma globulin in the blood and are key elements of the immunity mechanisms of the body

Back 4

Antibody

Front 5

Any substance that stimulates the production of antibodies.

Back 5

Antigen

Front 6

The average number of pounds an animal gains in a day. This can be determined at any stage of growth, but it is usually determined from weaning weight to slaughter weight.

Back 6

Average Daily Gain

Front 7

A layer of fat located between the skin and muscle along the back of a hog. It is generally measured over the first and last rib and the last vertebra on the carcass. It also may be measured by ultrasonic instruments on the live hog.

Back 7

Backfat

Front 8

The required amount of essential nutrients supplied to a hog during a 24 hour period.

Back 8

Balanced Ration

Front 9

A male pig that has been castrated and thus has no testicles.

Back 9

Barrow

Front 10

An intact (uncastrated) male pig.

Back 10

Boar

Front 11

A group of animals with similar external characteristics that are passed on from one generation to another.

Back 11

Breed

Front 12

Abbreviation for calcium, one of the important minerals in a hog's diet.

Back 12

Ca

Front 13

A measurement taken on the hog carcass from the aitch bone to the front edge of the first rib.

Back 13

Carcass Length

Front 14

Removal of the "gonads". Generally refers to surgical removal of both testicles.

Back 14

Castration

Front 15

Threadlike bodies in the nucleus of a cell, they contain the genes and DNA.

Back 15

Chromosome

Front 16

The "first milk" secreted by the mammary glad shortly after birth. It is not "true" milk but a clear to slightly cloudy fluid containing fats and sugars that have a slight laxative effect on the newborn baby. It also contains immunoglobulins that pass on to the baby some of the immunities acquired by the mother; passive immunity thus transmitted is not long lasting.

Back 16

Colostrum

Front 17

The time when male sperm fertilizes the female egg.

Back 17

Conception

Front 18

The general shape of the pig as determined by his framework or skeleton and muscle structure.

Back 18

Conformation

Front 19

Abbreviation for crude protein, the raw protein content in a hog's diet.

Back 19

CP

Front 20

A pig that is from parents of different breeds.

Back 20

Crossbred

Front 21

Failure of the testicles to descend into the scrotum during fetal development; the undescended testis remains in the abdominal cavity or groin.

Back 21

Cryptorchidism

Front 22

The carcass weight divided by the live weight.

Back 22

Dressing Percentage

Front 23

Animal urine and manure

Back 23

Dung

Front 24

The body's fuel supply.

Back 24

Energy

Front 25

The number of pounds of feed required by an animal to gain one pound of body weight.

Back 25

Feed Efficiency

Front 26

A young pig that has been weaned and is ready to feed out. The popular weight is 40 to 60 pounds.

Back 26

Feeder Pig

Front 27

Union of male and female sex cells to form an embryo.

Back 27

Fertilization

Front 28

The term is applicable to unborn offspring from the date of implantation to the termination of pregnancy.

Back 28

Fetus

Front 29

Ultimate unit in transmission of hereditary characteristics contained in chromosomes.

Back 29

Gene

Front 30

The period from implantation of the blastocyst in the endometrium until the termination of pregnancy

Back 30

Gestation

Front 31

A young female pig that has not farrowed.

Back 31

Gilt

Front 32

Special chemicals made by the body that cause changes in the body.

Back 32

Hormone

Front 33

A panel or board used to guide and move swine

Back 33

Hurdle

Front 34

An abbreviation for intramuscular injection, meaning injection into the muscle.

Back 34

IM

Front 35

Introduction of semen into the vagina by natural means or by artificial insemination.

Back 35

Insemination

Front 36

The number of square inches in a cross section of longissimus (loin) muscle. This is measured by cutting the loin between the 10th and 11th ribs and measuring the cut surface area of the muscle.

Back 36

Loin Muscle Area

Front 37

A hog that is full-fed up to 220-280 pounds that exhibits a large amount of skeletal muscle with a minimum of fat. These hogs grow rapidly and convert feed into lean tissue efficiently.

Back 37

Meat Type Hog

Front 38

A chemical compound that is needed by the body. Requirements vary by age and weight of the pig.

Back 38

Nutrient

Front 39

Release of egg from the ovarian follicle.

Back 39

Ovulation

Front 40

Egg cell. It is about one-fourth the size of the period at the end of this sentence.

Back 40

Ovum

Front 41

Abbreviation for phosphprus, an important mineral on a hog's diet.

Back 41

P

Front 42

Symbol expressing hydrogen ion concentration. Practically, it is a scale of the acidity of alkalinity of substances. The neutral point is 7; below 7, acidity increases and above 7, alkalinity increases.

Back 42

pH

Front 43

The period from implantation of the blastocyst until the expulsion or extraction of the fetus and placental membranes.

Back 43

Pregnancy

Front 44

Identifiable offspring of a sire or dam.

Back 44

Progeny

Front 45

A mixture of feeds containing high levels of proteins. The supplement is mixed with grain to provide the animal with enough protein

Back 45

Protein Supplement

Front 46

The amount (weight or volume) of feed provided to a hog for a 24-hour period. Also, a formula for mixing a specific quantity of feed.

Back 46

Ration

Front 47

From the standpoint of animal treatment, the medication that remains in the body after it is given is considered a residue. The medication level remaining following treatment is gradually reduced over time as the medication is utilized by the animal through urination and defecation.

Back 47

Residue

Front 48

Abbreviaition for soybean meal, a source of protein in a hog's diet.

Back 48

SBM

Front 49

Pouch covering the testis.

Back 49

Scrotum

Front 50

Hogs that are produced in a manner to be free of swine dysentery, brucellosis, turbinate atrophy and snout distoration, pneumonic lesions, pseudorabies, lice and mange.

Back 50

SPF (Specific Pathogen Free)

Front 51

A female pig that has produced at least one litter of pigs.

Back 51

Sow

Front 52

An abbreviation for subcutaneous injection, meaning injection under the skin.

Back 52

SQ

Front 53

Male hormone. A steroid hormone produced by cells of the testis independent from cells that produce spermatozoa.

Back 53

Testosterone

Front 54

High frequency sound waves used to observe the internal anatomy of the hog without the need for surgery or invasive techniques. It is often used in the swine industry to determine pregnancy status and for measurement of backfat depth and loin muscle area by qualified technicians or veterinary personnel.

Back 54

Ultrasound

Front 55

The long, flexiable tube that is attached to the placenta at one end and the abdomen of the fetus at the other. It is the lifeline of the fetus. Through vessels of the cord, the fetus receives nutrients and disposes of wastes. The cord continues to function until it is tied and severed at birth.

Back 55

Umbilical cord

Front 56

The narrow tube through which urine from the kidneys passes into the bladder.

Back 56

Ureter

Front 57

Any bacterial or viral material for inoculation against a specific disease. Virus vaccines are of two types; live virus or killed virus vaccines.

Back 57

Vaccine

Front 58

A sheath. The female organ of copulation. A muscular canal that opens at the surface of the body and extends inward to the cervix.

Back 58

Vagina

Front 59

In the case of meat animals, it is the period of time that must elapse between the last treatment and the harvest (slaughter) of the animal. For milk-producing animals and egg laying poultry, it is the time that must elapse between the last treatment and the point where the milk and eggs can again be collected for use as human food. This time period allows the medication to be eliminated from the animals' body so that meat, milk and eggs harvested after that time do not contain unsafe residues.

Back 59

Withdrawal Time

Front 60

The female sex-determining chromosome; females have two of them, males have only one.

Back 60

X chromosome

Front 61

The male sex-determining chromosome.

Back 61

Y chromosome

Front 62

The fertilized ovum, after the penetration of spermatozoa in the vitellus, and the formation of the male and female pronuclei at syngamy, until the completion of the first cleavage and formation of the two blastomere egg.

Back 62

Zygote