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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 2 major roles of the female reproductive system?
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1) produce eggs (also known as gametes or ova)
2) provide a place for development and nourishment of kids before birth |
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What are the major organs of the female reproductive system?
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1) ovaries
2) oviducts 3) uterus 4) cervix 5) vagina |
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What 2 things do the ovaries produce?
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1) eggs in small blister-like structures called follicles
2) hormones estrogen and progesterone |
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What are the oviducts?
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Small tubes leading from each ovary to the uterus.
They are the site of fertilization. |
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Where does fertilization take place?
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Oviducts
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Where does the growth and development of kids take place within the female reproductive tract?
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Uterus
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What are 2 functions of the Cervix?
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1) It is part of the birth canal
2) It helps protect the uterus |
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What are 2 functions of the Vagina?
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1) It is part of the birth canal
2) It is the site where sperm are deposited during natural mating. |
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Where is sperm deposited during natural mating?
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Vagina
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Where does control of the reproduction system begin?
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Hypothalamus
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What causes the estrus cycle?
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Hormones
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What 3 things occur during the estrus cycle?
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1) Development of follicles
2) The bursting of follicles to release the eggs (ovulation) 3) Formation of the corpora lutea (CL) |
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What does seasonal breeder mean?
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Show estrous cycles during specific seasons of the year, stimulated by shorter days.
Goats and Sheep are seasonal breeders |
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When is the typical breeding season for goats and sheep?
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late August through late winter
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How does day length affect breeding in goats?
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Melatonin is produced during hours of darkness and stimulates the release of GnRH. GnRH causes the estrous cycle to begin.
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How can you induce out of season breeding in seasonal breeders?
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Control light to stimulate decreasing day length
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What 2 hormones are responsible for helping a doe deliver?
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1) oxytocin
2) relaxin |
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What 8 signs signal a doe is about to kid?
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1) sunken tail and hip
2) udder has shiny look 3) heavy breathing 4) worried look 5) restless 6) paws bedding 7) looking back at sides and 'talking' 8) great display of affection for keeper |
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What is the normal presentation for a kid during birthing?
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front feet on each side of it's head or with both back feet coming out first
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What should be done to get a kid off to a healthy start once it is born?
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1) clear its nostrils and mouth of mucus to make sure normal breathing can take place
2) disinfect the naval with iodine 3) make sure the kid drinks within the first few hours |
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Colostrum
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1) "first milk"
2) Contains antibodies important for disease protection 3) Rich in protein, fat, and vitamins that are important for a strong, healthy start in life |
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What is the primary function of the male reproductive system?
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To produce sperm
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What are the major organs of the male reproductive system?
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1) testicles
2) epididymis 3) vas deferens 4) urethra 5) accessory glands 6) penis |
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What are the 2 primary functions of the testicles?
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produce sperm and secrete the hormone testosterone
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What is the purpose of the epididymes?
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site of temporary storage and maturation of sperm
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What is the primary function of the vas deferens?
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transport sperm when mating occurs
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What are the primary functions of the urethra in bucks?
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transports sperm from the vas deferns and urine from the bladder through the penis
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What are the primary functions of the accessory glands?
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add fluid, nutrients, and buggers to the sperm to help transport them into the female and to help the sperm survive
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What is the primary function of the penis?
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deliver sperm into the female during mating
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What are the primary hormones of the male reproductive system?
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1) Testosterone
2) Luteinizing Hormone (LH) 3) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) 4) Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) |
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Testosterone
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Necessary for sperm production
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How does Luteinizing Hormone work in males?
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Stimulates testosterone production
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How does Follicle Stimulating Hormone work in males?
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Stimulates cells of the testicles that support sperm production
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What are some advantages of using artificial insemination in goats?
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1) it enables more extensive use of genetically superior bucks
2) it limits the spread of reproductive diseases because the bucks are not in physical contact with the females 3) ability to use dead or injured sires because semen can be frozen and stored indefinately |
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What is extended semen?
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Semen that has been collected from a goat and processed to dilute the sperm so one ejaculation can be used to inseminate many females
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What are 2 ways of artificially inseminating goats?
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1) intra-uterine
2) trans-cervical |
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intra-uterine insemination
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surgically depositing the semen in the uterus
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trans-cervical insemination
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using a pipette inserted through the vagina and cervix to place semen at the junction of the cervix and uterus
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What are the signs of estrus in does?
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1) standing to be mounted
2) flagging (rapid tail wagging) 3) excited behavior, such as walking fences, bleating, and frequent urination 4) attempting to mount other goats 5) clear mucus discharge from the vulva 6) a swollen, red, or wet vulva |
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What products are approved for use in the United States to synchronize estrus in goats?
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None are approved for use in the United States
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What products are approved for use except in the United States to synchronize goats.
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1) Prostaglandin (Lutalyse, Estrumate)
2) Intravaginal progestogen inserts (CIDRs) 3) Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) 4) Intravaginal progestogen sponges 5) Norgestomet (SynchroMate-B) |
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Lutalyse and Estrumate are examples of what type of estrous synchronization product?
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Prostaglandin
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How do prostaglandins work to synchronize estrus?
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destroys the corpus luteum; estrus will occur in 2-3 days following injection of prostaglandins
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CIDR's are an example of what type of estrous synchronization product?
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Intravaginal progestogen insert
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How do inntravaginal progestogen inserts work to synchronize estrus?
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Progestogen acts like progesterone and thus prevents ovulation until the CIDR is removed; estrus will occur 2-3 days following removal of the CIDR
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How does pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) work to synchronize estrus?
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it stimulates ovulation
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SynchroMate-B is an example of what type of estrous synchronization product?
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Norgestomet
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How does norgestomet work to synchronize estrus?
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it acts like progesterone and thus prevents ovulation until removal
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What are some advantages to estrous synchronization?
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1) can shorten breeding season and kidding season
2) can shorten the time and labor associated with kidding season 3) make the use of artificial insemination easier |
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What two other technologies is embryo transfer usually combined with to create a pregnancy?
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1) superovulation
2) artificial insemination |
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What hormone is used to stimulate the growth of multiple follicles for embryo transfer?
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Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
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How old are the embryos when they are flushed for embryo transfer?
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7 days
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What can be done with embryos that are flushed?
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1) transferred directly into a recipient female
2) frozen for later use |
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What are some benefits of using embryo transfer?
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It enables the production of many kids in a short period of time from genetically superior females. The valuable genetics of a donor doe can be more readily realized in the industry with the production of two or three kids per year.
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What are some common causes of reproductive failure when using AI?
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1) inability to properly detect heat
2) inability to inseminate at the proper time |
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Dystocia
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Difficulty giving birth
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What are some common reproductive disorder of goats?
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1) Cystic Ovarian Disease
2) Uterine Infections 3) Leptospirosis 4) Vibriosis |
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What are some common causes of reproductive failure in goats?
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1) inability to properly detect heat and/or inseminate at the proper time when using AI
2) inability of the reproductive tract to repair itself after dystocia 3) infectious and noninfectious disease |
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What age of goats is dystocia most common in?
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yearlings
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What are the symptoms of cystic ovarian disease?
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1) infertility
2) lack of estrus |
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How do you treat cystic ovarian disease in goats?
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you can not cure it but may be overcome by estrous synchronization treatments using GnRH
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What are the symptoms of uterine infections?
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1) abnormal vaginal discharge
2) unable to detect estrus |
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How do you prevent uterine infections?
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1) minimize dystocia
2) cleanliness of kidding pens and equipment |
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What are the symptoms of leptospirosis?
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abortion
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How do you prevent leptospirosis?
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vaccination
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What are the symptoms of vibriosis?
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abortion
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How do you prevent vibriosis?
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vaccination
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Name 2 types of uterine infections in goats?
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1) endometritis
2) metritis |
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Name 3 reproductive disorders caused by bacterial infections in goats.
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1) Uterine infections (endometrits & metritis)
2) Leptospirosis 3) Vibriosis |
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What birthing presentations of kids usually require assistance?
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1) Breech if prolonged labor
2) Breech with hind legs bent down 3) Anterior presentation but 1 foreleg retained 4) Anterior presentation with rear legs extended 5) Anterior presentation but head and neck turned backward over body 6) Posterior presentation with fetus upside down 7) Anterior presentation with vertex posture of kid (nose down, top of head coming first) |
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What birthing presentations of kids usually result in death?
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1) Anterior presentation with rear legs extended
2) Posterior presentation with fetus upside down 3) Anterior presentation with vertex posture |
