2011 Hematology Review Exam 1

Front 1

Cells characterized by self-renewaland multilineage differentiation

Back 1

Stem cells

Front 2

% of rbc in the blood

Back 2

hematocrit

Front 3

What is the proper sequence?

maturation
proliferation
storage and/or release
amplification by CSF
removal

Back 3

Amplification of CSF, proliferation, maturation, storage and/or release, removal

Front 4

What is the function of the flow
cytometer in the hematology lab

Back 4

Separates cell types by size and cell surface proteins

Front 5

Decrease in all blood cell lines

Back 5

Pancytopenia

Front 6

What is the most common granulocyte in the peripheral blood?

Back 6

Neutrophil

Front 7

What is the genetic abnormality in CML?

Back 7

t(9;22) or bcr/abl rearrangement

Front 8

What is Hemostasis?

Back 8

Balance between bleeding and clotting

Front 9

What six organs are involved in Hematopoiesis?

Back 9

Bone marrow
Liver
Spleen
Thymus
Lymph nodes
Yolk sac - embryo

Front 10

Hematopoiesis in the yolk sac stops when??weeks/?months/ ?years.

Back 10

8 weeks or 2 months

Front 11

What gestational age does the liver take over hematopoiesis?

Back 11

8 weeks

Front 12

Embryonic hemoglobins are produced in what organ?

Back 12

Yolk sac

Front 13

How can the marrow mass of a baby be the same as an adult?

Back 13

All the marrow in hematopoietically active. Little or no adipose.

Front 14

Name the bone in the adult that have hematopoietically active marrow?

Back 14

Sternum
Hip
Skull
Vertebrae
Ribs
Long bones

Front 15

Stem cells are found in what bone marrow pool ?

Back 15

Functional pool-proliferating and maturation populations

Front 16

What cell or cells are in the marginal pool of the peripheral blood?What percentage?

Back 16

Neutrophils – 50%

Front 17

What cells are present in the granulocyte mitotic pool of the bone marrow?

Back 17

Stem cells, myeloblasts, promyelocytes, and myelocytes

Front 18

Metamyelocytes, bands in the maturation pool mark the end of what?

Back 18

End of DNA synthesis

Front 19

What is Endomitosis?

Back 19

Doubling of the nucleus with out dividing

Front 20

Pluripotential stem cell gives rise to the ?__ stem cells.Example?

Back 20

Multipotential
CFU-GEMM
Lymphoid stem cells

Front 21

Name the functions of the Granulocyte

Back 21

Fight infection

Front 22

Name the functions of the Lymphocytes

Back 22

Cellular and humoral immunity

Front 23

Name the functions of the Erythrocytes

Back 23

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Front 24

Name the functions of the Platelets

Back 24

Maintain hemostasis

Front 25

Name the functions of the Monocyte

Back 25

Macrophages that engulf bacteria, cells that were dying bc of viruses ..etc.

Front 26

Name the functions of the Megakaryocytes

Back 26

Make the platelets

Front 27

what are CFU-GEMM

Back 27

a. Are formed from the Multipotential

b. Are Granulocytes, Erythrocytes, Macrophages/Monocytes, and megakaryocytes

Front 28

How are cell types morphologically differentiated

Back 28

Based on cytokine exposure and the cell's profile, nucleus and cytoplasm

Front 29

Lifespan of the RBC

Back 29

120 days

Front 30

Sequence of neutrophilic maturation

Back 30

Myeloblast>Promyelocyte>Neutrophillic Myelocyte> Neutrophillic Metamyelocyte> Neutrophillic Band>Neutrophillic segmented

OR

MyeloBLAST>PROmyeloCYTE>MyeloCYTE>METAmyelocyte>BANDS>SEG

Front 31

Name all the cells in Myelopoiesis

Back 31

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Monocytes and Megakaryocytes

Front 32

Definition of hematopoiesis

Back 32

Process of blood cell production and development

Front 33

Places for hematopoiesis at different ages

Back 33

Embryo >Blood cells = Yolk sac

Fetus >Blood cells = Liver and spleen

Newborn baby>Blood cells = bone marrow

Adults>Blood cells = Long bones

Front 34

What is the most common WBC cell type in peripheral blood

Back 34

Neutrophil

Front 35

What is the least common WBC cell type in peripheral blood

Back 35

Basophils

Front 36

Hematocrit

Back 36

The portion of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cellls.

Front 37

Advantage of flow-cytometry

Back 37

Separates different cells types based on size, immunohistochemistry , density

Front 38

Definition of pancytopenia

Back 38

Decrease in all blood cell lines

Front 39

Definition of leukocytosis

Back 39

High leukocyte count

Front 40

Definition of cytopenia

Back 40

Depletion of more than one lineage of cells (2+)

Front 41

Definition of leukopenia

Back 41

Low numbers of WBC

Front 42

Cytogenetic change for APL

Back 42

t(15;17)/ RARA-PML gene

Front 43

Cytogenetic change for CML

Back 43

t(9;22)/ BCR-ABL gene

Front 44

Oncogenes - definition

Back 44

Gain of function to promote growth

Front 45

Proto-oncogene – definition

Back 45

The normal gene before it becomes mutated to become the oncogene

Front 46

DNA structural changes for cancer

Back 46

a. Point mutations
i. (promotor errors, frameshift)

b. Gene amplification
i. (more copies / more proteins/ pushes cells to grow/ cells grow more)

c. Rearrangements
i. that lead to chimeric gene with altered function
ii. Or those that lead to immunoglobulin enhancer moved next to a gene.. And therefore keeps it on

Front 47

Loss of heterozygosity

Back 47

a. Tumor suppressor genes (can be lost)
b. Deletion occurs

Front 48

a. Early onset
b. Bilateral
c. Two hit

Back 48

familial cancer

Front 49

a. Late onset
b. Unilateral tumors
c. Born with normal genes

Back 49

sporadic cancer

Front 50

Nowell and Hungerford, 1960

Back 50

a. Discovered the Philadelphia chromosome
b. 1st nonrandom chromosome abnormality reported in human cancer in CML

Front 51

acute leukemias

Back 51

Acute--clonal expansion of immature blast associated with an abrupt onset of clinical symptoms and a rapidly progressing clinical disease

Front 52

Chronic leukemias

Back 52

Chronic --Clonal expansion of mature-appearing cells with a slow onset of clinical symptoms and a slowly progressing clinical disease

Front 53

What does CFU-GM stand for and what WBC are they

Back 53

granulocytes, macrophages/monocytes

Front 54

What does CFU-Eo stand for and what WBC are they

Back 54

Colony forming Unit Eosinophil

Front 55

What does CFU-Bs stand for and what WBC are they

Back 55

Basophil

Front 56

What does CFU-Meg stand for and what WBC are they

Back 56

Megakaryocyte

Front 57

What does CFU-E stand for and what WBC are they

Back 57

Erythrocyte

Front 58

What doesBFU-E stand for and what WBC are they

Back 58

Burst forming Unit - Erythrocyte

Front 59

what WBC is the hallmark of inflammation, phagocytes, and most common in the blood

Back 59

Neutrophils

Front 60

Which WBC combats multi-cellular parasites and certain infections in vertibrates ?

Back 60

eosinophil

Front 61

Which WBC participates in immediate hypersensitivity reaction mainly by releasing their granules.

Back 61

Basophiles

Front 62

What WBC makes platelets ...

Back 62

Megakaryocyte

Front 63

What Stimulates proliferation and differentiation of specific cell lines and work together with CSFs

Back 63

Interleukins

Front 64

________Stimulates proliferation of granulocyte and macrophages/monocytes

Back 64

GM-CSF

Front 65

________Stimulates proliferation of neutrophil and enhances function

Back 65

G-CSF

Front 66

________Stimulates proliferation of monocytes/ macrophages

Back 66

M-CSF

Front 67

Stimulates proliferation and differentiation of specific cell lines and work together with CSFs

Back 67

Interleukin

Front 68

________ stimulates Erythropoietic stimulating factor produced in the kidney

Back 68

Erythropoietin

Front 69

______ stimulates Hormonal factor that controls production and release of platelets

Back 69

Thrombopoietin

Front 70

Which WBC has mod to low n/c, nuc is segmented, 2-5 lobes, cyto light pink granules

Back 70

Neutrophils

Front 71

Which WBC has high n/c small to med sized, nuc is dense to deep purple, rounded or oval, condensed smudged or streaked nucleoli, cytoplasm is light blue to colorless,

Back 71

Lymphocyte

Front 72

Which WBC has -med sized, mod to low n/c, indented or kidney shaped nucleus, light purple, blue grey cyto with granules

Back 72

Monocytes

Front 73

Which WBC has med sized, mod to low wbc, segmented usually bilobbed nucleus, med purple, large red orange granules,

Back 73

Eosinophils

Front 74

Which WBC has med sized, mod n/c, indistinct lobbed, cloverleaf, med purple, cyto has large deep purple to black granules,

Back 74

Basophils

Front 75

T/F
Mature cells are smaller and have a smaller nucleus than do immature cells.

Back 75

True

Front 76

What is the term for separated nucleus w/o separation of cytoplasm

Back 76

endocytosis

Front 77

Process by which the body maintains the balance between hemorrhage (bleeding) and thrombosis (clotting).

Back 77

Hemostasis

Front 78

(when hemostasis does not occur) (forming clots, can cause organ failure)

Back 78

DIC

Front 79

Where are blood cells mad

Back 79

bone marrow, thymus, yolk sac, spleen, lymph nodes, liver

Front 80

CSF

Back 80

Colony-stimulating factors

Front 81

How long does the yolk sac produce wbc?

Back 81

Until the 6th week and stops at 2 months gestation

Front 82

Production & circulation sequence of hematopoiesis

Back 82

a. Circulation:
i. 100% of Erythrocytes
ii. 50% granulocytes
iii. 70% thrombocytes


b. Storage Pool
i. 50% granulocytes (marginal pool-- line the vessel walls )
ii. 30% of thrombocytes

Front 83

Bone marrow collection sites

Back 83

Bone marrow pool

Functional pool-proliferating and maturation populations [stem cells found here)

Storage pool – waiting for release to the peripheral blood

Stem cell pool
Multipotential stems cells
Unipotential committed stems cells

Front 84

Multipotential stems cells
Unipotential committed stems cells

Back 84

Stem cell pool

Front 85

waiting for release to the peripheral blood

Back 85

Storage pool

Front 86

proliferating and maturation populations [stem cells found here)

Back 86

Functional pool-

Front 87

Functions of an automatic blood analyzer

Back 87

An automatic analyzer aspirates whole blood, divides it, dilutes it, mixes it and then analyzes it for hemoglobin and cell characteristics

CBC=complete blood count
Separate segments of blood ( WBC, RBC, plasma)
Measures different pressures
Amount of protein in blood (hemaglobin)

Front 88

Tumor Suppressor Gene – definition and examples

Back 88

Normal function is to suppress mitosis. They behave as recessives; that is, as long as the cell contains one normal allele, tumor suppression continues.
Rb and p53

Front 89

Wild type function of tumor genes

Back 89

= normal in cell cycle, apostosis, DNA repair

Front 90

Stages of carcinogenesis

Back 90

a. Normal cells >initiated (DNA damage)
b. Initiated cell > Promotion (increased cell proliferation)
c. Preneoplastic cell > Progression (additional genetic alterations)
d. Neoplastic cells

Front 91

Length of time in tumor formation

Back 91

Up to 10 years of beyond

Front 92

Leukemias caused by

Back 92

Clonal expansion of of lymphoid or myeloid cells

Front 93

The low power exam of a slide uses which objective?

Back 93

_10X__

Front 94

When performing a WBC estimate, each cell seen on low power is equivalent to how many cells per ul of whole blood?

Back 94

200 or 0.2x10^9 / L

Front 95

How close should the WBC estimate agree with the analyzer cell count?

Back 95

_± 20 –25 %__

Front 96

What is the total magnification when using the oil objective

Back 96

1000X__

Front 97

If the differential is performed in the thin area of the slide, the result will be biased in favor of what size of cell?

Back 97

Larger Cells

Front 98

How many fields should be examined for judging RBC variation

Back 98

10_

Front 99

How many cells are counted on a routine differential

Back 99

100 consecutive leukocytes

Front 100

If an average of 20 platelets per 1000X field is counted, what is the estimated platelet count

Back 100

400x10^9/L

Front 101

How many NRBC must be counted on a diff to require correction of the WBC count?

Back 101

_5+_

Front 102

Name the 3 components of a cell that contribute to its appearance

Back 102

a) Profile –Size, shape, the N/C ratio

b) Nucleus—Shape, color, chromatin pattern, nucleoli

c) Cytoplasm—color, type and presence of granules, other inclusions

Front 103

What 2 characteristics of a nucleus are more important than its shape?

Back 103

a) The Chromatin pattern

b) If nucleoli are present

Front 104

Nuclear chromatin pattern is an indication of a cell’s identity and its

Back 104

maturity_

Front 105

Which kind of granules can wash out during the staining process

Back 105

_Basophils

Front 106

Do Lymphs have the least or most morphologic variation of the WBC’s

Back 106

most

Front 107

Which cell on a normal blood smear can have nucleoli?

Back 107

monocytes