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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis, alcoholic ketoacidosis, toxins, uremic acidosis. also starvation, salicylate intoxication, sodium carbenicillin therapy, methanol, ethylene glycol, recovery from diabetic ketoacidosis, arginine and lysine in parenteral nut
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metabolic acidosis
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diarrhea, pancreatic fluid loss ileostomy
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metabolic acidosis
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chronic kidney disease, carbonic anhydrate inhibitors
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metabolic acidosis
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diarrhea, pancreatic fluid loss, ileostomy
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metabolic acidosis
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diuretic therapy
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metabolic alkalosis
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Posthypercapnia
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metabolic alkalosis
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excessive vomiting
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metabolic alkalosis
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Acute respiratory failure, COPD, opioids
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respiratory acidosis
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results from hyperventilation, bacterial septicemia, cirrhosis, pregnancy from progesterone stimulation of the respiratory center ,anxiety
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respiratory alkalosis
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insufficient dietary intake, shifting from extracellular space, extrarenal loss
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hypokalemia
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most common cause is GI loss due to infectious diarrhea. occurs in trauma patients from release of epinephrine.
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hypokalemia
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an important cofactor for potassium uptake for potassium uptake and for maintenance of intracellular potassium levels
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Magnesium
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Loop diuretics (furosemide) cause substantial renal loss of this ion and magnesium. Magnesium depletion should be suspected in refractory cases.
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hypokalemia
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occurs in pt. with advanced kidney disease or mild kidney dysfunction. May develop in patients taking ACE inhibitors, ARB's, certain diuretics.
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hyperkalemia
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Fist-clenching during venipuncture may cause by shifting from cells. Mineralocorticoid deficiency from Addison's disease or chronic kidney disease will have decreased renal secretion.
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potassium (hyperkalemia)
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Most common electrolyte imbalance in hospitalized patients.
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hyponatremia
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Isotonic: severe hyperlipidemia and hyperproteinemia
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hyponatremia
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Hypertonic: hyperglycemia and mannitol administration for increased intracranial pressure.
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hyponatremia
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Hypervolemic hypotonic, edematous states of cirrhosis, heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, and advanced kidney disease. The activated renin-angiotensin system is activated resulting in water retention.
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hyponatremia
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ADH problems including hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, medications, and syndrome or inappropriate ADH (SIADH).Also primary polydipsia, beer potomania, and reset osmostat.
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hyponatremia
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Thiazide diuretics, Psychogenic Polydipsia
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hyponatremia
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hypovolemia due to free water losses
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hypernatremia
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Most common cause is advanced CKD in which production of vitamin D3 and hyperphosphatemia.
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hypocalcemia
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Primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancy are the most common causes.
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hypercalcemia
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Granulomatous disease such as sarcoidosis and tuberculosis from production of active vitamin D3
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hypercalcemia
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Milk-alkali syndrome :Massive vit. D and calcium intake
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hypercalcemia
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can cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
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hypercalcemia
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will show amplitude and broadening of T waves, prominent U waves, premature ventricular contractions, and depressed ST segments.
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hypokalemia
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Peaked T waves, widened QRS-T complexes, or may be normal, Conduction disturbances such as bundle branch block and atrioventricular block may occur.
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hyperkalemia
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fatigue, muscle cramps. GI involvement may result in constipation or ileus. hyporeflexia, hypercapnia, tetany, and rhabdomyolysis
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hypokalemia
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usually asymptomatic but can show nausea and malaise progress to lethargy, disorientation, as level drops. Most serious symptoms are respiratory distress, seizure, coma, permanent brain damage, brainstem herniation, and death.
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hyponatremia
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orthostatic hypotension and oliguria are typical findings. lethargy, irritability, and weakness are early signs. Hyperthermia, delirium, seizures, and coma may be seen in severe cases.
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hypernatremia
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Elderly symptoms may be vague but a recent change in consciousness is associated with poor prognosis.
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hypernatremia
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Spasm of skeletal muscles causes cramps and tetany. Laryngospasm with stridor can obstruct the airway.
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hypocalcemia
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Chvostek sign (contraction of the facial muscle in response to tapping the facial nerve) and Trousseau sign(carpal spasm occurring with occlusion of the brachial artery by a BP cuff).
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hypocalcemia
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constipation and polyuria, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, peptic-ulcer disease, renal colic, and hematuria from nephrolithiasis. mild drowsiness to weakness, depression, lethargy
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hypercalcemia
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