Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Protein Hormone Formation
Formed by |
the granular endoplasmic reticulum of glandular cells
-however, this large protein is cleaved several times before the active hormone is formed |
|
|
Protein Hormone Storage & Secretion
Storage: - active hormone is stored in |
the cytoplasmic compartment of the endocrine cell
|
|
|
Protein Hormone Storage & Secretion
Secretion: |
Specific signal causes its’ secretion
|
|
|
Thyroid and Adrenal Medullary Hormone Formation
Both derived from and Formed by |
the amino acid tyrosine
the actions of enzymes in the cytoplasmic compartment of the glandular cells |
|
|
Thyroxine and triiodothyronine formed as
|
component parts of a large protein molecule called thyroglobulin
|
|
|
Thyroxine and triiodothyronine
Stored in |
large follicles within the thyroid gland
|
|
|
Secretion of thyroid hormones
|
Specific enzyme systems cleave the thyroglobulin molecule allowing the thyroid hormones to be released into the blood
|
|
|
Adrenal Medullary Hormone Formation
Norepinephrine and Epinephrine Absorbed into |
preformed vesicles
|
|
|
Steroid Hormone
Storage & Secretion Secreted by three areas |
by the adrenal cortex, ovaries or testes
|
|
|
Steroid Hormone
Storage & Secretion Stored amounts in |
in glandular cells small
but large amounts of precursor molecules (cholesterol) are present in cells |
|
|
Steroid Hormone
Storage & Secretion Secretion due to |
appropriate stimulation
Enzymes in these cells cause the chemical conversions to final hormones |
|
|
Protein Hormone Storage & Secretion
Storage: - active hormone is stored in |
the cytoplasmic compartment of the endocrine cell
|
|
|
Protein Hormone Storage & Secretion
Secretion: |
Specific signal causes its’ secretion
|
|
|
Thyroid and Adrenal Medullary Hormone Formation
Both derived from and Formed by |
the amino acid tyrosine
the actions of enzymes in the cytoplasmic compartment of the glandular cells |
|
|
Thyroxine and triiodothyronine formed as
|
component parts of a large protein molecule called thyroglobulin
|
|
|
Thyroxine and triiodothyronine
Stored in |
large follicles within the thyroid gland
|
|
|
Secretion of thyroid hormones
|
Specific enzyme systems cleave the thyroglobulin molecule allowing the thyroid hormones to be released into the blood
|
|
|
Adrenal Medullary Hormone Formation
Norepinephrine and Epinephrine Absorbed into |
preformed vesicles
|
|
|
Steroid Hormone
Storage & Secretion Secreted by .... |
by the adrenal cortex, ovaries or testes
|
|
|
Steroid Hormone
Storage & Secretion Stored amounts in |
in glandular cells small
but large amounts of precursor molecules (cholesterol) are present in cells |
|
|
Marsala
MARSALA |
Sauce: marsala wine, butter, onions, black pepper and salt
|
|
|
Steroid Hormone Storage & Secretion
Secretion due to |
appropriate stimulation
Enzymes in these cells cause the chemical conversions to final hormones |
|
|
Onset of Hormone Secretion
|
Some hormones are secreted within seconds after gland stimulation
May develop full action within a few seconds to minutes Other hormones may require months for full effect |
|
|
Adrenal Medulla hormones
Duration of action destroyed by |
Duration of action is usually no more than 1-3 minutes
These hormones destroyed rapidly by local tissue enzymes or are absorbed into cells |
|
|
Thyroid hormones
duration |
Can last as long as 6 weeks
|
|
|
Hormone Regulation: Feedback Control
|
Feedback control
Mechanism for regulation of hormone concentration in the bloodstream |
|
|
Hormone Regulation
as Hormone concentration rises |
- further production of that hormone is inhibited
|
|
|
Hormone Regulation
as Hormone concentration level falls |
- rate of production of that hormone increases
|
|
|
Hormone Regulation: Negative feedback
The endocrine gland has a natural tendency to |
The endocrine gland has a natural tendency to over-secrete its hormone
|
|
|
Negative Feedback
|
When too much function occurs, some factor about the function then feeds back to the endocrine gland and causes a negative effect on the gland to decrease its secretory rate
|
|
|
Endocrine hormones usually combine with
|
hormone receptors on the surface or inside the cells
this initiates a cascade of reactions in the cell and each activation is more powerful than the previous one |
|
|
3 Hormone Receptor Location
|
In or on the surface of the cell membrane
In the cell cytoplasm In the cell nucleus |
|
|
Specific mostly to the protein, peptide, and catecholamine hormones
receptor |
In or on the surface of the cell membrane
|
|
|
Steroid hormones
receptor |
In the cell cytoplasm
|
|
|
- Metabolic thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodothryonine)
receptor |
In the cell nucleus
|
|
|
Down Regulation
|
Binding of a hormone with its target cell receptors usually causes the number of active receptors to decrease
Inactivation of receptor molecules Decreased production of molecules |
|
|
Up Regulation
|
Hormones can also cause up regulation by inducing the formation of more receptor molecule than normal
the target tissue then becomes progressively more sensitive to the stimulation effects of the hormone (amplifies) |
|
|
Mechanism of Action: Hormones
|
Different classes of hormones act on the target tissues by different mechanisms
Hormones alter the function of the target tissue by interacting with chemical receptors located either on the cell membrane or in the interior of the cell |
|
|
Mechanism of Action: Steroid & Thyroid Hormones
|
Activation of Genes by binding with Intracellular receptors
|
|
|
Mechanism of Action: Steroid & Thyroid Hormones
|
Small size and high lipid solubility
penetrate the cell membranes and interact with intracellular receptors Modify protein synthesis - require several hours to exert their effect |
|
|
Steroid-receptor complex
|
steroid hormone enters cytoplasm & binds with specific receptor protein
forms messenger RNA from DNA in nucleus the messenger RNA then stimulates protein synthesis within the cell |
|
|
Mechanism of Action: Peptide & Protein Hormones
|
Activation of Intracellular Enzyme (second messengers)
Interact with receptor sites on the cell surface which results in the stimulation of the intracellular enzyme adenylcyclase this results in increased production of cyclic 3’5’-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) |
|
|
Mechanism of Action: Peptide & Protein Hormones
|
Cyclic AMP inside the cell alters enzyme activity
Second messenger cyclic AMP is the “second messenger” that links the peptide hormone at the cell surface to a change in the intracellular environment |
|
|
Mechanism of Action: Peptide & Protein Hormones
|
May also act by changing membrane permeability
These hormones combine with receptors in the postsynaptic membrane Cause ion channels (K+, Na+, Ca++) to open or close Altered movement of these ions through the channels causes subsequent effects on the postsynaptic cells |
|
|
Mechanism of Action: Peptide & Protein Hormones
These hormones act (time wise) |
rapidly
within seconds or minutes |
|
|
Mechanism of Action: Amine Hormones
|
Mechanism of action for amine hormones is similar to that for peptide hormones
|
|
|
Radioimmunoassay
|
Measures concentrations of endocrine hormones
A highly sensitive and specific assay method that uses the competition bt. radiolabeled and unlabeled substances in an antigen-antibody reaction to determine the concentration of the unlabeled substance |
|
|
Endocrine Disease
Characterized by |
the overproduction or underproduction of single or multiple hormones
|
|
|
Endocrine Disease
Alterations in |
in the physiologic responses to stress or to changes in homeostatic mechanisms, or both, reflect the impact of excessive or deficient amounts of these hormones.
|
|
|
Surgery & Endocrine Disease
|
Endocrine gland disorder could be the primary reason for surgery
Endocrine disease may coexist in a patient requiring an operation unrelated to endocrine gland dysfunction |
|
|
Anterior Pituitary Gland
6 hormones |
Growth Hormone
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Follicle Stimulating Hormone Luteinizing Hormone Prolactin |
|
|
Posterior Pituitary Gland
2 hormones |
Antidiuretic Hormone (vasopressin)
Oxytocin |
|
|
Thyroid Gland
3 hormones |
Thyroxine (T4)
Triidothyronine (T3) Calcitonin |
|
|
Parathyroid Glands hormone
does ? |
Parathyroid Hormone
Control amount of calcium in blood and bones |
|
|
Adrenal Glands
2 parts and hormones |
Adrenal Cortex
Cortisol Aldosterone Adrenal Medulla Adrenaline (epinephrine) Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine) Dopamine |
|
|
Islet of Langerhans (Pancreas)
5 hormones |
Glucagon
Insulin Somatostatin Pancreatic polypeptide Ghrelin |
|
|
Ovaries
2 hormones |
Estrogen
Progesterone |
|
|
Placenta
4 hormones |
Human Chorionic Gonadatropine
Estrogen Progesterone Human somatomammotropin |
|
|
ON TEST
results in increased production of cyclic 3’5’-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) |
Mechanism of Action: Peptide & Protein Hormones
Activation of Intracellular Enzyme (second messengers) Interact with receptor sites on the cell surface which results in the stimulation of the intracellular enzyme adenylcyclase this results in increased production of cyclic 3’5’-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) |
|
|
Second messenger
|
cyclic AMP is the “second messenger” that links the peptide hormone at the cell surface to a change in the intracellular environment
|
|
|
epinepherine and norepi bind to
|
the adrenergic receptors on the targes cell curfaces and work mainly on cAmp
|
