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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gather and analyze data framed around research question
Formulate theories based on data Move from specific data to more general explanation |
Inductive
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1. Theory first
2. Researcher moves from a known or assumed position supported by theory to the particulars of the data 3. Data is gathered to determine whether theory is correct |
deductive
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Every methodological technique has an appropriate use
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the law of the hammer
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The use of measurement and observation to represent communication phenomena as amounts, frequencies, degrees, values, or intensity.
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quantitative research
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A precise statement indicating the nature and direction of the relationship or difference between two variables.
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directional
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States that a difference will occur but does not state the direction of the difference.
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nondirectional
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States the existence of a functional relationship between two variables.
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relational
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States the expectation of a difference between two or more groups.
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comparative
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States that no relationship, except one due to chance, exists between the variables. This is the hypothesis that is actually tested.
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null
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Used when researcher cannot make a prediction.
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research questions
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Presumably the manipulation or variation of this variable is the cause of the change in other variables.
predicter variable |
independent variables
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Variable that is influenced or changed by the independent variable.
outcome variable |
dependent variable
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Variables change simultaneously
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correlation
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Change in one variable leads to change in second
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causal
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Two variables must exist in the same general time and space
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space and time
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The cause (ind.) must precede the effect (dep.) variable
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temporal ordering
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Why variables are related
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Theoretical Linkage
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How variables are related
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Operational Linkage
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An element that is presumed to explain or provide a link between two other variables
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Intervening variables
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A variable that confuses or obscures the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable
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confounding variables
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Describes the presence or absence of some characteristic or attribute
There is no way to express partial presence Any value imposed on the categories is arbitrary Must have at least 2 categories and they have to be mutually exclusive and exhaustive |
nominal
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Measured by ranking elements in logical order from high to low or vice versa
Sequencing of data without precise measurement Rankings are relative (zero cannot exist) |
ordinal
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Measured based on specific numerical scores or values
Distance between any two adjacent points is assumed to be equal Zero is arbitrary |
interval
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Absolute zero
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ratio
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Degree to which multiple items invoke the same response from an individual answering the questionnaire
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internal reliability
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Calculation of the relationship between scores at two administrations of the same measurement to the same participant
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test-retest reliability
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Researcher constructs one test, then splits the items in half and gives each half to the same participants at two points in time
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split half reliability
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Inadvertently letting participant know desired response
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pygmalion effect
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People change or become overly familiar with the questionnaire
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maturation
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People leave the study
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mortality/attrition
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being observed changes your behavior
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hawthorne effect
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Extent to which conclusions developed from data collected from a sample an be extended to the population
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generalizability
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