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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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it determine in a family who is considered to be a family member and who is an outsider
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boundary
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changes in one family member accompanied by changes in others which is the most commonly noted characteristics of family systems
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interdependence
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termination of pregnancy before the fetus is capable of surviving outside the
uterus |
Abortion –
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injection of donor sperm into a woman’s vagina to promote
conception |
Artificial insemination –
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the hereditary information contained in the cells of an individual, may or may not be observable in the phenotype
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Genotype –
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agents that produce malformations during the formation of organs and
tissues |
Teratogen –
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the range of possible responses to environmental conditions that is
established through genetic influences |
Rxn range –
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the alternate state of a gene at a given locus
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Allele –
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The long, thin, strands of genetic material located in the cell nucleus, are form from chains of SNA molecules;
- one of the rodlike bodies in a cell nucleus that contains genetic material and that divides when the cell divides |
Chromosome -
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the observable characteristics that result from the interaction of a particular
genotype and a particular environment |
Phenotype –
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characteristics for which the allele is found on the sex chromosomes
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Sex-linked –
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state of caring, attentiveness and helpfulness
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Solicitude –
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all genetic material in the chromosomes of a human being and the mechanisms for genetic inheritance.
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Human genome
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all the genetic information that comes to us as members of the human species
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Gene pools
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composed of a piece of DNA that codes for the production of one protein and occupies a specific place on a chromosome
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Genes
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The alternative states in which 22 pairs of identical chromosomes, each gene has at least two possible states or conditions, one on each chromosome in the pair.
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Allele
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If both alleles are the same
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Homozygous
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If the alleles are different
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Heterozygous
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The genetic information about a trait is called
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Genotype (e.g. genetic information that encodes skin color)
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The observed characteristics like one’s actual skin color
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Phenotype
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3 ways genotype can influence phenotype
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1. cumulative relation – in which more than 1 pair of alleles influences the trait
(e.g. height) 2. codominance – both genes are expressed in the new cell (AB blood from A and B parents) 3. dominance – means that one allele is present (recessive and dominant allele) |
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Sex-linked because the gene for the specific characteristics is found on the sex chromosomes ( X and Y)
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True
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3 areas in which genetic determinants contribute to individual variability
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rate of development, individual traits, abnormal development
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the nucleus of an egg cell, which contains its DNA is removed and replace with the DNA from an adult cell.
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Nuclear transplantation
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A range of possible responses to environmental conditions, the limits of which are det. By one’s genotype
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Reaction range
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The cell produced when the sperm has fertilized the egg is referred to as
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Zygote
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Zygote that divides in two and separates forming two individuals with the same chromosomes
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Monozygotic (identical twins)
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Result of multiple ovulations in the same cycle
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Fraternal twins (dizygotic)
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The inability to conceive can result from problems in the reproductive system
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Infertility
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First trimester is divided into
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Germinal, embryonic and fetal period
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Stage where the zygote is implanted with the lining of the uterus
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Embryo
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Surrounds the embryo and fills with a clear, watery fluid
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Amniotic sac
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Organ that is newly formed with each pregnancy and is expelled at birth
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Placenta
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Agents that can produce malformations in the fetus while the tissue and organs are forming
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Teratogens
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Fetal movements
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Quickening
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A cheesy coating of dead cells and oil that covers the skin of a fetus
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Vernix caseosa
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What are the advantages of a full-term fetus over a premature fetus
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1. the ability to begin and maintain regular breathing
2. a stronger sucking response 3. well-coordinated swallowing movements 4. a stronger peristalsis and more efficient digestion and waste excretion 5. more fully balanced control of body temp |
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birth is initiated by involuntary contractions of the uterine muscles
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labor (which serve effacement and dilation)
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is the shortening of the cervical canal
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effacement or thinning
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is the gradual enlargement of the cervix from an opening only millimeters wide to one of about 10 cm
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dilation
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3 stages of labor
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1. first stage – begins w/ the onset of uterine contractions and ends w/ the full
dilation of the cervix 2. involves the expulsion of the fetus. It begins at full dilation and ends w/ the delivery of the baby 3. begins with the delivery and ends with the expulsion of the placenta |
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Removing of the baby surgically through an incision in the uterine wall
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Cesarean section
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Is the number of infants who die during the first year of life per 1000 live births during that year
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Infant mortality rate
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The complex impact of alcohol on fetal development has been given the name
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Fetal alcohol syndrome
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The beliefs, values, and guidelines for behavior regarding pregnancy and childbirth
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Birth culture
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Two dimensions of attitudes toward pregnant women
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1.solicitude vs. shame
2.adequacy vs. vulnerability |
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is the termination of a pregnancy before the fetus is able to live outside the uterus
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abortion
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spontaneous abortion is called
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miscarriage
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Roe vs. Wade
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1st trimester – woman’s right
3rd trimester – fetus right |
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First trimester
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- fertilization
- growth of the amniotic sac - growth of the placenta - emergence of body parts - differentiation of sex organs - initial formation of central nervous system - movement - group reflex - babinski reflex - heartbeat - 3-month average size: 3inches - About 2/3 ounce |
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Second Trimester
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- Sucking and Swallowing
- Preference for sweet taste - Skin ridges on fingers and toes - Hair on scalp, eyebrows, back, arms, legs - Sensitivity to touch, taste, light - Sucks thumb - 6-month average size: 10 ounces |
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Third Trimester
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- nervous system matures
- coordination of sucking and swallowing - mechanisms for regulating body temp. - more efficient digestion and excretion - degeneration of the placenta toward the end of the ninth month - 9 month average size: 20 inches |
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Development in the First to Third Trimester:
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Germinal, Embryonic, and Fetal Periods
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• The period of the zygote lasts about 2 weeks, from fertilization until the tiny mass of cells drifts down and out of the fallopian tube and attaches itself to the wall of the uterus. Once implanted the cells are referred to as an _______
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Germinal , embryo.
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Embryonic
• The period of the embryo lasts from implantation through the eighth week of pregnancy • An amniotic sac forms that encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid. It provides a cushion for the developing embryo • The placenta , an organ that allows nutrients pass from the mother to the developing child is formed • During these 6 weeks, the most rapid prenatal changes take place as the groundwork for all body structures and internal organs is laid down. • During this time the embryo is sensitive to teratogens or agents that can produce malformations in the fetus – Examples of teratogens are viruses, medicines, alcohol, drugs, and environmental toxins |
true
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Fetal Period
• Lasting from the ninth week until the end of pregnancy, during this longest prenatal period, the organism begins to increase rapidly in size • In the third month, the organs, muscles, and nervous system start to become organized and connected. • Between 17 and 20 weeks, the new being has grown large enough that its movements can be felt by the mother • At the end of the second trimester, many organs are quite well developed, and a major milestone is reached in brain development, in that all the neurons are now in place • In the last trimester the average fetus grows from 10 to 20 inches and from 2 to 7 or 7 ½ pounds – During this period fetuses can recognize changes in sound and become familiar with mother’s voice. |
true
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First Trimester
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- fertilization
- growth of the amniotic sac - growth of the placenta - emergence of body parts - differentiation of sex organs - initial formation of central nervous system - movement - grasp reflex - babinski reflex - heartbeat - 3-month average size: 3 inches, about 2/5 ounce |
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Second Trimester
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- sucking and swallowing
- preference for sweet taste - skin ridges on fingers and toes - hair on scalp, eyebrows, back, arm, legs - sensitivity to touch, taste, light - sucks thumb - 6-month average size: 10 inches, 2 lbs |
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Third Trimester
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- nervous system matures
- coordination of sucking and swallowing - mechanisms for regulating body temperature - more efficient digestion and excretion - degeneration of the placenta toward the end of the 9th month - 9-month average size: 20 inches, 7 to 71/2 lbs |
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5 stages of labor
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1 - early signs that labor is approaching
2 - onset of labor 3 - transition 4 - birth 5 - postpartum period |
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Phase 1 – Early signs that labor is approaching
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1. Lightening (about 10 to 14 days before delivery). The baby’s head drops into the pelvic area
2. release of the plug that has kept the cervix closed 3. Discharged of amniotic fluid 4. False labor: irregular uterine contractions |
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Phase 2: Onset of labor
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1. Transition from home to hospital or birthing center
2. Strong, regular contractions 3-5 minutes apart |
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Phase 3: Transition
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1. Accelerated labor, with contractions lasting up to 90 seconds and coming 2 or 3 minutes apart
2. Some sense of disorientation, heightened arousal, or loss of control |
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Phase 4: Birth
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1. The baby’s head presses down on the bottom of the birth canal
2. The mother experiences a strong, reflexive urge to push to expel the baby 3. The mother typically is moved from a labor area to a more sterile delivery room |
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Phase 5: Postpartum period
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1. Mother and infant have initial contact
2. Placenta is expelled 3. Rapid alteration of the hormone system to stimulate lactation and shrink the uterus 4. Mother and infant engage in early learning behaviors, infant attempts to nurse, mother explores infant and begins to interpret his/her needs 5. Return to the home and introduction of the newborn into the family setting |
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Cesarean
• Part of human culture since ancient times – Performed when the mother was dead or dying to save the child for a state wishing to increase its population. – Myth has it that Julias Ceasar was delivered this way If natural childbirth is dangerous to the mother or the newborn, an alternative is to remove the baby surgically through an incision in the uterine wall and lifting baby out of the uterus. Warranted by serious medical emergencies E.g., breech position -- turned so that the buttocks or feet would be delivered first Not always needed in other instances Debate over Caesarean sections: Are they too widely used ? Increase in cesareans—30 years ago 5 % or less; today -- 24 % of U.S. 19 % Canada. Drawbacks: more time for recovery newborns are more likely to be sleepy, unresponsive, breathing difficulties. difficulties with natural birth later |
true
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Impact of the Pregnant Woman on the Fetus
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– The Impact of Poverty
– Mother’s Age – Maternal Drug Use – Nicotine – Alcohol • Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) refers to a disorder in which mental retardation, poor attention, and overactivity are typical of children with the disorder – Caffeine – Narcotics – Prescription Drugs – Obstetric Anesthetics – Environmental Toxins – Mother’s Diet |
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Teratogens (Sensitive Periods in Prenatal Development)
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Environmental agents that cause damage during prenatal period
• Drugs – Prescription – Nonprescription – Illegal • Tobacco • Alcohol • Radiation • Pollution • Infectious Disease |
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teratogens: Effects mediated by:
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• Dose
• Heredity • Other negative influences • Age • 12% of women in US, 19% in Canada, probably more elsewhere |
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Teratogens example: Tobacoo
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• Effects:
• Physical -- low birth weight, miscarriage, prematurity, impaired heart rate and breathing • Behavioral -- less attentive, more muscle tension, more excitable, colic, shorter attention spans, poorer memories, lower mental test scores, more behavioral problems • Why does this happen? • Nicotine: • constricts blood vessels -> less blood flow to uterus -> placenta grows abnormally -> reduced nutrients ->poor weight gain • increases concentration of carbon monoxide in blood -> displaces oxygen from red blood cells -> damages central nervous system and slows body growth in lab animal fetuses |
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The Impact of the Fetus on the Pregnant Woman
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• Changes in Roles and Social Status
• Changes in the Mother's Emotional State |
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The Impact of the Fetus on the Pregnant Woman
• Changes in Roles and Social Status |
– Women are treated in new ways by family, friends, and society
– The way they are treated is dependent on their cultural context • E.g., – responses to age of pregnancy – treatment at work – social status of pregnant women – healthcare |
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The Impact of the Fetus on the Pregnant Woman
• Changes in the Mother's Emotional State |
– a mix of positive and negative emotions
– environmental factors associated with increased anxiety and depression • E.g., exposure to stressors, absence of supportive partners, unwanted pregnancy – effects of anxiety and depression • include mother and child -- • E.g., complications during labor, delivery and beyond, – how mothers interact with babies, babies tendencies to develop "depressed" temperament |
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The Cultural Context
• Reactions to Pregnancy – Solicitude versus Shame - care, interest, and help of others versus shame, condemnation, and secrecy – Adequacy versus Vulnerability - sign of sexual prowess and entrance into social status versus tiring, exhaustion, and lots of work – Every society marks the importance of childbirth in different ways – Americans focus on safety of the mother and child, and toward building a sense of competence in the mother and the father as they approach the care of their newborn |
true
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Implications
• Society and culture can act as stressors or stress reducers • Measures can be taken to reduce stress-- – In Guatemalan study (Kennell, Klaus, Robertson, & Urrutia) mothers were provided a companion to reduce stress: • their babies showed less signs of fetal stress • labor was shorter by more than 10 hours! |
true
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