2008 Fall Neuro Test 4: Cerebellum (Systems) Vcu Dpt

Front 1

cerebellar hypotonia

Back 1

Low tone influenced by reticular formation

Front 2

Cerebellar tremor

Back 2

Known as intention tremor, arm shakes when attempting use

Front 3

Dysdiadochokinesia

Back 3

dysfunctional rapid alternating movements

Front 4

Three layers of the cerebellar cortex

Back 4

-Molecular Layer
- Purkinje cell layer
- granule cell layer

Front 5

The molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex includes

Back 5

- mostly of granule cells axons (excitatory), known as parallel fibers which run parallel to the folia
-some inhibitory interneurons cells including stellate cells, basket cells

Front 6

Posterolateral fissure separates these two lobes

Back 6

Inferior lobe and flocculonodular lobe

Front 7

Primary fissure separates

Back 7

Inferior and superior lobes

Front 8

pontocerebellum is concerned with...

Back 8

planning

Front 9

Pontocerebellar tract crosses in ____

Back 9

the pons

Front 10

Pontocerebellar tract enters the cerebellum via

Back 10

the middle cerebellar peduncle

Front 11

Blood supply to the cerebellar tonsils and flocculonodular lobe:

Back 11

posterior inferior cerebellar artery

Front 12

cuneocerebellar tract uses this nucleus in the cerebellum and travels to the cerebellum via

Back 12

Accessory cuneate nucleus
ICP

Front 13

dysarthria

Back 13

Unable to control tongue -- cannot articulate

Front 14

dysmetria

Back 14

Loss of coordination. Ex: Overshooting or undershooting (hyper- and hypo-metria)

Front 15

WHat ventricle borders the cerebellum?

Back 15

4th Ventrical

Front 16

What Dural structure is next to the superior surface of the cerebellum?

Back 16

The tentorium cerebelli

Front 17

what cisterns border the cerebellum?

Back 17

Cisterna Magna (cerebello-medullary cistern), superior cistern

Front 18

Superior Cerebellar arteries supply blood to

Back 18

The superior cerebellar lobe, the Superior Cerebellar Peduncle, and the deep cerebellar nuclei

Front 19

AICA supplies blood to the

Back 19

MCP and the lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum

Front 20

PICA supplies blood to:

Back 20

the inferior cerebellar and flocculonodular lobes, the ICP and the choroid plexus of the 4th ventricle

Front 21

Parallel fibers are axons of:

Back 21

granule cells

Front 22

Granule cells (inhibit/excite)?

Back 22

Excite -- glutamate or aspartate

Front 23

Stellate cells (excite/inhibit) _____

Back 23

Inhibit Purkinje cell dendrites

Front 24

Basket cells (excite/inhibit) _____

Back 24

Inhibit ~250 Purkinje cells each, thereby intensifying mossy fiber input

Front 25

The largest cells in the CNS

Back 25

Purkinje cells

Front 26

Purkinje cells terminate in either:

Back 26

the cerebellar or vestibular nuclei

Front 27

Purkinje cells are (excitatory/inhibitory)

Back 27

Inhibitory

Front 28

Parallel fibers of granule cells (excite/inhibit) Purkinje cell dendrites

Back 28

Excite

Front 29

GOlgi cells (inhibit/excite) _______

Back 29

inhibit the dendrites in the glomeruli

Front 30

3 types of inputs/afferents to the cerebellum:

Back 30

Mossy fibers, climbing fibers and multilayered (monoaminergic) fibers

Front 31

mossy fibers

Back 31

Come from nearly everywhere, become "mossy" as they enter the cerebellum

Front 32

Climbing fibers are from the ___ and are important to ___

Back 32

inferior olivary nucleus and are important to learning new tasks

Front 33

Multilayered (monoaminergic) fibers alter

Back 33

the cellular responsiveness within the cerebellum

Front 34

Most fiber afferent to the cerebellum are this type

Back 34

Mossy fibers

Front 35

Some sources of mossy fibers

Back 35

Cranial nerve nuclei
Reticular formation
Pontine nuclei
Spinocerebellar tracts

Front 36

Mossy fibers form rosettes which excite:

Back 36

granule cells

Front 37

Climbing fiber system fibers are only from the contralateral ____________ and send a collateral branch to a ___________ before entering the cerebellar cortex

Back 37

Inferior Olivary Nucleus
cerebellar nuclei

Front 38

Each climbing fiber divides into ___

Back 38

10 or 15 terminal branches

Front 39

Each terminal branch (of a climbing fiber) innervates:

Back 39

One Purkinje cell, EXCITATORY

Front 40

Multilayered fibers originate from

Back 40

the cells of the locus ceruleus

Front 41

Vestibulocerebellum is known also as the

Back 41

Archicerebellum -- archi for "primitive" part

Front 42

The anatomical unit of the vestibulocerebellum is the (primarily)

Back 42

Flocculonodular lobe

Front 43

The nucleus of the vestibulocerebellum is the

Back 43

Fastigial nucleus

Front 44

The most medial nucleus of the cerebellum is the

Back 44

Fastigial nucleus

Front 45

The most lateral nucleus of the cerebellum is the

Back 45

dentate nucleus

Front 46

The principle input to the vestibulocerebellum is the

Back 46

-- ipsilateral vestibular ganglion and the ipsilateral vestibular nuclei via the ICP
-- olivocerebellar ficers via ICP
-- pontocerebellar fibers via MCP (contralateral inferior olivary nucleus)

Front 47

Function of the vestibulocerebellum

Back 47

governs eye movement & body equilibrium through vestibulospinal, reticulospinal and vestbuloocular projections

Front 48

Dysfunction of the vestibulocerebellum results in

Back 48

Vestibulocerebellar syndrome

Front 49

vestibulocerebellar syndrome is typically characterized by:

Back 49

a wide-based ataxic gait with the patient swaying side to side, Truncal ataxia
- mainly disturbed equilibrium, nystagmis, strabismus

Front 50

Truncal Ataxia versus Limb ataxia

Back 50

-- Truncal ataxia affects the proximal musculature, especially that involved in gait stability, and is caused by midline damage to the cerebellar vermis and associated pathways
- Limb/Appendicular ataxia affects movements of the extremities and is usually caused by lesions of the cerebellar hemispheres and associated pathways.

Front 51

tracts to spinocerebellum utilizing ICP

Back 51

- dorsal spinocerebellar
- cuneocerebellar
- olivocerebellar
- vestibulocerebellar

Front 52

Tracts to spinocerebellum using the Superior Cerebellar Peduncle

Back 52

- Ventral spinocerebellar
- trigeminal mesencephalic

Front 53

WHat tract reaches the spinocerebellum via the MCP?

Back 53

Pontocerebellar fibers

Front 54

Spinocerebellum is also known as:

Back 54

Paleo-cerebellum

Front 55

Anatomical unit of the spinocerebellum

Back 55

Vermis and intermediate zones

Front 56

Nuclei of the spinocerebellum

Back 56

Fastigial, globose and emboliform

Front 57

fastigial nucleus sends info mainly:

Back 57

bilaterally to vestibular nucleus, olivary nuclei and reticular formation via the ICP

Front 58

Globose and emboliform send info out of the cerebellum via the ____ then...

Back 58

Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
- decussate and terminate in the contralateral VL (Ventral Lateral) nucleus of the Thalamus and the contralateral red nucleus

Front 59

Function of the spinocerebellum

Back 59

fines tunes the ongoing motor control in the extremities and the trunk:
vermis - more involved with axial motor control
intermediate zone - modulates limb movement

Front 60

Dysfunction of the spinocerebellar structures usually

Back 60

is an extension from a medial or lateral lesion so would have those characteristic deficits

Front 61

Pontocerebellum is also known as the

Back 61

neocerebellum or the cerebrocerebellum

Front 62

the anatomical unit of the pontocerebellum is

Back 62

the lateral hemispheres

Front 63

the nucleus of the pontocerebellum is

Back 63

the dentate nucleus

Front 64

Principle inputs to the pontocerebellum

Back 64

from contralateral pontine nuclei via the MCP
contralateral olivocerebellar fibers via the ICP

Front 65

Principle destination of the pontocerebellum output

Back 65

Contralateral VL thalamic nucleus and then to the primary motor and premotor cortex (via SCP)
Contralateral red nucleus

Front 66

Cerebellarataxia causes

Back 66

causes gait, trunk, limb, and possibly speech disorders.

Front 67

Sensory ataxia results from ___ and causes ___

Back 67

results from impaired position sense (proprioception) due to interruption of afferent nerve fibers in the peripheral nerves, posterior roots, posterior columns of the spinal cord, or medial lemnisci or, occasionally, from a lesion in both parietal lobes.
It causes gait disorders.

Front 68

function of the pontocerebellum

Back 68

motor integration, planning and timing. Precision of movement. Effects are ipsilateral unless the lesion is in the midline.

Front 69

lesions of the pontocerebellum cause

Back 69

"neocerebellar syndrome"
- motor disabilities ipsilateral (if unilateral lesion)
- ataxia, dysmetria, dysarthria, dysdiadochkinesia, cerebel. hypotonia, cerebel. tremor

Front 70

corticopontine tracts originate in a widespread area of

Back 70

the contralateral cerebral cortex

Front 71

vestibulocerebellar fibers travel to the cerecellum via:
and are from:

Back 71

- ICP
- ipsilateral Scarpa's ganglia and from the vestibular nuclei

Front 72

Fastigal nucleus sends fibers to the

Back 72

vestibular nuclei and to the reticular formation

Front 73

Posterior spinocerebellar fibers originate in the

Back 73

dorsal nucleus of Clarke in lamina VII, T1-L2 and are ipsilateral to their cells of origin

Front 74

Posterior spinocerebellar fibers carry

Back 74

information about proprioception from LE muscle spindles and GTOs

Front 75

Cuneocerebellar fibers carry information about

Back 75

the muscle spindles in the upper extremity

Front 76

Olivocerebellar fibers are the only source of ---- and are ___ to origin

Back 76

climbing fibers
contralateral

Front 77

Fibers from the dentate nucleus travel via the ___ and cross in the

Back 77

SCP
cerebellar decussation

Front 78

Red nucleus is located in the

Back 78

midbrain

Front 79

ANterior spinocerebellar fibers are from:
and ascend in:

Back 79

laminae V to VII in the lumbar segments L2-L5
- contralateral spinal cord before re-crossing in the pons before entering the SCP

Front 80

Multilayered fibers mainly come from:
and act to influence the

Back 80

- raphe nuclei and the locus cereuleus
- level of cerebellum excitement

Front 81

Superior Cerebellar Peduncle efferents (output) are mostly from

Back 81

the Dentate Nucleus

Front 82

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Back 82

is a rapidly progressive dementia accompanied by neurologic signs and symptoms, such as myoclonic jerking, ataxia, aphasia, visual disturbances, and paralysis. It generally affects adults ages 40 to 65.

Front 83

Peripheral nerve damage due to diabetes mellitus may cause ____ ataxia

Back 83

sensory

Front 84

The main afferents to the inferior olivary nucleus are

Back 84

- the central tegmental tract mainly carrying fibers from the red nucleus and the PAG
- The cortico-olivary fibers from the ipsilateral cerebral sensorimotor cortex

Front 85

Climbing fibers are believed to carry

Back 85

instructions related to movements yet to be performed

Front 86

The two types of fibers passing through the cerebral peduncles

Back 86

- climbing fibers and mossy fibers.

Front 87

The basal nuclei receives input from the ____ cerebral cortex but the cerebellum receives input from only the ____ cortex

Back 87

entire
sensorimotor

Front 88

The output of the basal nuclei is directed to the:

Back 88

premotor and motor cortex and the prefrontal association cortex

Front 89

the output of the cerebellum is directed back to the

Back 89

Premotor and motor cortex

Front 90

The basal nuclei has ___ (quantity) connections to the brain stem and ___ connections to the spinal cord

Back 90

few
no

Front 91

The cerebellum receives ____ info directly from the spinal cord

Back 91

somatic sensory

Front 92

After damage to the cerebellum, explicit instruction is (helpful/unhelpful)

Back 92

Helpful
so is demonstrating motor learning

Front 93

After basal ganglia damage, Explicit instruction is (helpful/unhelpful)

Back 93

unhelpful

Front 94

Nucleus of the Neocerebellum

Back 94

Dentate nucleus

Front 95

Spinocerebellum nuclei

Back 95

Globose and emboliform

Front 96

Vestibulocerebellum nucleus

Back 96

Fastigial nucleus

Front 97

Entorhinal cortex of the Dentate gyrus is

Back 97

the outermost layer of the dentate gyrus

Front 98

Pyramidal cells of the hippocampus get input from

Back 98

granule cells

Front 99

the axons of the hippocampal pyramidal cells become

Back 99

the alveus

Front 100

The alveus becomes the

Back 100

Fimbria

Front 101

The fimbria becomes the

Back 101

Fornix

Front 102

The fimbria becomes the ___ when ___

Back 102

fornix when no longer on top of the hippocampus

Front 103

Alveus borders the

Back 103

lateral ventricle

Front 104

The fornix carries the fibers originating in

Back 104

the Hippocampus

Front 105

Fimbria parts

Back 105

Crus
Body
Poscommissural columns go to mammillary nuclei

Front 106

The subiculum is

Back 106

the most inferior part of the hippocampal formation

Front 107

The crus of the fimbria is located on the

Back 107

back

Front 108

The body of the fimbria is located right below the

Back 108

body of the corpus callosum

Front 109

Subicuculim has ___ layers

Back 109

3 to 5

Front 110

Subiculum is located

Back 110

medial to the piriform and entorhinal cortices

Front 111

Parahippocampal gyrus is located on

Back 111

the ventral temporal lobe. It extends from the collateral sulcus to the hippocampal sulcus

Front 112

Parahippocampal gyrus contains these two cortices

Back 112

Piriform and entorhinal cortices

Front 113

Amygdala projects to

Back 113

the subiculum

Front 114

Hippocampal formation sends fibers through the _____ back to the _____ nuclei

Back 114

Fornix
Mamillary nuclei

Front 115

Cingulate gyrus sends fibers through the

Back 115

Perforant pathway

Front 116

Papez circuit is

Back 116

extensive connections with the ANS and cortex
Mammothalamic bodies

Front 117

The rostral part of of the parahippocampal gyrus

Back 117

is the piriform cortex

Front 118

The caudal part of the parahippocampal gurus is

Back 118

the entorhinal cortex

Front 119

in the Papez circuit the mammillary bodies send fibers through the

Back 119

Anterior nucleus of the thalamus

Front 120

in the Papez circuit the anterior nucleus sends fibers through the

Back 120

Cingulate gyrus (using thalamocortical fibers)

Front 121

In the Papez circuit the cingulate gyrus sends fibers through the ___

Back 121

perforant pathway

Front 122

THe largest part of the amygdala is the

Back 122

Basolateral part