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228 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Fetal landmarks
Day 0 |
Fertilization by sperm,
initiating embryogenesis. |
|
Fetal landmarks
Within week 1 |
Implantation (as a blastocyst).
|
|
Fetal landmarks
Within week 2 |
Bilaminar disk (epiblast:hypoblast).
|
|
Fetal landmarks
Within week 3 |
Gastrulation.
Primitive streak, notochord, and neural plate begin to form. |
|
Fetal landmarks
Weeks 3–8 wrt |
Neural tube formed.
Organogenesis. Extremely susceptible to teratogens. |
|
Fetal landmarks
Week 4 |
Heart begins to beat: 4 chambers in week 4.
Upper and lower limb buds begin to form. |
|
Fetal landmarks
Week 8 |
Fetal movement; fetus looks like a baby.
|
|
Fetal landmarks
Week 10 |
Genitalia have male/female characteristics.
|
|
Fetal landmarks
plates with functions |
Alar plate - Sensory
Basal plate - Motor |
|
Fetal landmarks
first week |
Fertilization - day 1
Zygote - day 2 Morula - day 3 blastocyst - day 5 implantation - day 6 |
|
Fetal landmarks when does the following occur
Implantation (as a blastocyst). |
within week 1
|
|
Fetal landmarks when does the following occur
Bilaminar disk (epiblast:hypoblast). |
Within week 2
|
|
Fetal landmarks when does the following occur
Primitive streak, notochord, and neural plate begin to form. |
Within week 3
|
|
Fetal landmarks when does the following occur
Gastrulation. |
Within week 3
|
|
Fetal landmarks when does the following occur
Neural tube formed. |
Weeks 3–8
|
|
Fetal landmarks when does the following occur
Organogenesis. |
Weeks 3–8
|
|
Fetal landmarks when does the following occur
Extremely susceptible to teratogens. |
Weeks 3–8
|
|
Fetal landmarks when does the following occur
Heart begins to beat |
week 4
4 chambers in week 4. |
|
Fetal landmarks when does the following occur
Upper and lower limb buds begin to form. |
Week 4
|
|
Fetal landmarks when does the following occur
fetus looks like a baby. |
Week 8
|
|
Fetal landmarks when does the following occur
Fetal movement |
Week 8
|
|
Fetal landmarks when does the following occur
Genitalia have male/female characteristics. |
Week 10
|
|
Rule of 2’s for 2nd week
|
--2 germ layers (bilaminar disk): epiblast, hypoblast.
--2 cavities: amniotic cavity, yolk sac. --2 components to placenta: cytotrophoblast, syncytiotrophoblast. |
|
The epiblast
precursor to what and what it does/forms |
(precursor to
ectoderm) invaginates to form primitive streak. Cells from the primitive streak give rise to both intraembryonic mesoderm and endoderm. |
|
invaginates to form primitive streak. Cells from the primitive streak give rise to both intraembryonic mesoderm and endoderm.
|
The epiblast (precursor to
ectoderm) |
|
Rule of 3’s for 3rd week
|
3 germ layers (gastrula): ectoderm,
mesoderm, endoderm. |
|
Embryologic derivatives
Mesodermal defects = |
VACTERL:
Vertebral defect, Anal atresia, Cardiac defects, Tracheo-Esophageal fistula, Renal defects, Limb defects (bone and muscle). |
|
Embryologic derivatives
Surface ectoderm |
Adenohypophysis; lens of eye; epithelial linings of skin, ear, eye, and nose; epidermis.
|
|
Embryologic derivatives
Neuroectoderm |
Neurohypophysis, CNS neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, pineal gland.
|
|
Embryologic derivatives
Neural crest |
ANS, dorsal root ganglia, melanocytes, chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla,
enterochromaffin cells, pia and arachnoid, celiac ganglion, Schwann cells, odontoblasts, parafollicular (C) cells of thyroid, laryngeal cartilage, bones of the skull |
|
Embryologic derivatives
Endoderm |
Gut tube epithelium and derivatives (e.g., lungs, liver, pancreas, thymus, parathyroid, thyroid follicular cells).
|
|
Embryologic derivatives
Notochord |
Induces ectoderm to form neuroectoderm (neural plate). Its only postnatal derivative is the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disk.
|
|
Embryologic derivatives
Mesoderm |
Dura mater, connective tissue, muscle, bone, cardiovascular structures, lymphatics, blood
urogenital structures, serous linings of body cavities (e.g., peritoneal), spleen, adrenal cortex, kidneys. |
|
7. Common congenital
malformations |
1. Heart defects
2. Hypospadias 3. Cleft lip (with or without cleft palate) 4. Congenital hip dislocation 5. Spina bifida 6. Anencephaly 7. Pyloric stenosis |
|
Associated with projectile
vomiting. |
Pyloric stenosis
|
|
Teratogens effect/cause
Alcohol |
Birth defects and mental
retardation (leading cause); fetal alcohol syndrome |
|
Teratogens effect/cause
mental retardation (leading cause) |
Alcohol
|
|
Teratogens effect/cause
ACE inhibitors |
Renal damage
|
|
Teratogens effect/cause
Renal damage |
ACE inhibitors
|
|
Teratogens effect/cause
Abnormal fetal development and fetal addiction |
Cocaine
|
|
Teratogens effect/cause
Cocaine |
Abnormal fetal development
and fetal addiction |
|
Teratogens effect/cause
Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma |
Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
|
|
Teratogens effect/cause
Diethylstilbestrol (DES) |
Vaginal clear cell
adenocarcinoma |
|
Teratogens effect/cause
Iodide |
Congenital goiter or
hypothyroidism |
|
Teratogens effect/cause
Congenital goiter or hypothyroidism |
Iodide
|
|
Teratogens effect/cause
13-cis-retinoic acid |
Extremely high risk for birth
defects (hearing and visual impairment, missing earlobes, facial dysmorphism, and mental retardation) |
|
Teratogens effect/cause
Extremely high risk for birth defects (hearing and visual impairment, missing earlobes, facial dysmorphism, and mental retardation) |
13-cis-retinoic acid
|
|
Teratogens effect/cause
Thalidomide |
Limb defects (“flipper” limbs)
|
|
Teratogens effect/cause
Limb defects (“flipper” limbs) |
Thalidomide
|
|
Teratogens effect/cause
Tobacco |
Preterm labor, placental
problems, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |
|
Teratogens effect/cause
Preterm labor, placental problems, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |
Tobacco
|
|
Teratogens effect/cause
Warfarin |
multiple
|
|
Teratogens effect/cause
anticonvulsants |
multiple
|
|
Teratogens effect/cause
Xrays |
multiple
|
|
Teratogens effect/cause
multiple |
Warfarin, x-rays, anticonvulsants
|
|
FAS
what are the defects |
craniofacial abnormalities
microcephaly limb dislocation heart and lung fistulas |
|
FAS
mech |
unknown, but may include inhibition of cell migration
|
|
Umbilical cord contents and where the blood comes from/goes
|
Contains 2 umbilical arteries, which return deoxygenated blood from fetal internal
iliac arteries, and 1 umbilical vein, which supplies oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus. |
|
Allantoic duct role
|
removes nitrogenous waste (from
fetal bladder, like a urethra). |
|
Single umbilical artery is
associated with |
congenital and chromosomal anomalies.
|
|
Umbilical cord structure and congenital and chromosomal anomalies.
|
Single umbilical artery is
associated with congenital and chromosomal anomalies. |
|
Wharton´s jelly
what, derivation, structure and function |
a gelatinous substance within the umbilical cord, composed of cells that originate in the original egg and sperm of conception. It is largely made up of mucopolysaccharides (hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate). As a mucous tissue it protects and insulates umbilical blood vessels.
|
|
Heart embryology what this gives rise to
Truncus arteriosus |
Ascending aorta and pulmonary
trunk |
|
Heart embryology what this gives rise to
Bulbus cordis |
Smooth parts of left and right
ventricle |
|
Heart embryology what this gives rise to
Primitive ventricle |
Trabeculated parts of left and
right ventricle |
|
Heart embryology what this gives rise to
Primitive atria |
Trabeculated left and
right atrium |
|
Heart embryology what this gives rise to
Left horn of sinus venosus (SV) |
Coronary sinus
|
|
Heart embryology what this gives rise to
Right horn of SV |
Smooth part of right atrium
|
|
Heart embryology what this gives rise to
Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein |
SVC
|
|
What embyonic structure gives rise to
Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk |
Truncus arteriosus
|
|
What embyonic structure gives rise to
Smooth parts of left and right ventricle |
Bulbus cordis
|
|
What embyonic structure gives rise to
Trabeculated parts of left and right ventricle |
Primitive ventricle
|
|
What embyonic structure gives rise to
Trabeculated left and right atrium |
Primitive atria
|
|
What embyonic structure gives rise to
Coronary sinus |
Left horn of sinus venosus (SV)
|
|
What embyonic structure gives rise to
Smooth part of right atrium |
Right horn of SV
|
|
What embyonic structure gives rise to
SVC |
Right common cardinal vein and right anterior
cardinal vein |
|
Fetal erythropoiesis
by time frame |
Young Liver Synthesizes Blood.
Fetal erythropoiesis occurs in: 1. Yolk sac (3–8 wk) 2. Liver (6–30 wk) 3. Spleen (9–28 wk) 4. Bone marrow (28 wk onward) |
|
Fetal hemoglobin =
Adult hemoglobin = |
Fetal hemoglobin =α2γ2. (gamma)
Adult hemoglobin =α2β2. |
|
Fetal component of the placenta and where/function
|
cytotrophoblast composes the inner layer of chorionic villi. Syncytiotrophoblast is the outer layer and secretes hCG
|
|
placenta
what is the outer layer and secretes hCG |
Syncytiotrophoblast
|
|
placenta
what composes the inner layer of chorionic villi |
cytotrophoblast
|
|
maternal component of the placenta
|
Decidua basalis derived from the endometrium
|
|
steps in the interventricular septum development
|
1. muscular interventricular septum forms with an interventricular foramen
2.(twisting)aorticopulmonary septum devides the truncus into the 2 trunks 3. 2 septums meet, fuse, become membranous, and close the interventricular foramen |
|
Fetal circulation
3 important shunts: |
foramen ovale
ductus arteriosis ductus venosus |
|
Fetal circulation
foramen ovale |
Most oxygenated blood
reaching the heart via the IVC is diverted through the foramen ovale and pumped out the aorta to the head. |
|
Fetal circulation
ductus arteriosis |
Deoxygenated blood from
the SVC is expelled into the pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus to the lower body of the fetus. |
|
Fetal circulation
ductus venosus |
Blood entering the fetus
hrough the umbilical vein s conducted via the ductus venosus into the VC. |
|
Fetal circulation
changes at birth |
infant takes a breath;
↓ resistance in pulmonary vasculature causes ↑ left atrial pressure vs. right atrial pressure; foramen ovale closes; ↑ in O2 leads to ↓ in prostaglandins, causing closure of ductus arteriosus. |
|
drugs to open or close PDA
|
Indomethacin closes the PDA.
Prostaglandins keep a patent PDA open. |
|
Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure
Umbilical vein |
ligamentum teres hepatis
|
|
Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure
ligamentum teres hepatis |
Umbilical vein
|
|
Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure
Umbilical arteries |
mediaL umbilical ligaments
|
|
Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure
medial umbilical ligaments |
UmbiLical arteries
|
|
Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure
Ductus arteriosus |
––ligamentum arteriosum
|
|
Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure
ligamentum arteriosum |
Ductus arteriosus
|
|
Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure
Ductus venosus |
ligamentum venosum
|
|
Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure
ligamentum venosum |
Ductus venosus
|
|
Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure
Foramen ovale |
fossa ovalis
|
|
Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure
fossa ovalis |
Foramen ovale
|
|
Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure
median umbilical ligament |
AllaNtois––urachus––mediaN umbilical ligament
|
|
Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure
Allantois |
AllaNtois––urachus––mediaN umbilical ligament
|
|
Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure
Notochord |
nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disk
|
|
Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure
nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disk |
Notochord
|
|
Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure
Urachal cyst or sinus is a remnant. |
The urachus
|
|
What is contained in the falciform ligament
|
round ligament and paraumbilical veins.
|
|
The urachus is the part of
|
the allantoic duct between the
bladder and the umbilicus. |
|
what is part of the allantoic duct between the bladder and the umbilicus.
|
urachus
|
|
Aortic arch derivatives
1st |
part of MAXillary artery.
|
|
Aortic arch derivatives
part of MAXillary artery. |
1st
|
|
Aortic arch derivatives
2nd |
Stapedial artery and hyoid artery.
|
|
Aortic arch derivatives
Stapedial artery and hyoid artery. |
2nd
|
|
Aortic arch derivatives
3rd |
common Carotid artery and proximal part of internal carotid artery.
|
|
Aortic arch derivatives
common Carotid artery and proximal part of internal carotid artery. |
3rd
|
|
Aortic arch derivatives
4th |
on left, aortic arch; on right, proximal part of
right subclavian artery. |
|
Aortic arch derivatives
on left, aortic arch; on right, proximal part of right subclavian artery. |
4th
|
|
Aortic arch derivatives
6th |
proximal part of pulmonary arteries and (on
left only) ductus arteriosus. |
|
Aortic arch derivatives
proximal part of pulmonary arteries and (on left only) ductus arteriosus. |
6th
|
|
Aortic arch derivatives
mnemonic |
-1st arch is MAXimal.
-Second = Stapedial. -C is 3rd letter of alphabet. -4th arch (4 limbs)=systemic. -6th arch = pulmonary and the pulmonary-to-systemic shunt (ductus arteriosus). |
|
Branchial apparatus
different parts and what they are from |
Branchial clefts are derived from ectoderm.
Branchial arches are derived from mesoderm and neural crests. Branchial pouches are derived from endoderm. |
|
Branchial apparatus aka/s
|
Branchial apparatus is also
called pharyngeal apparatus. Clefts are also called grooves. |
|
pharyngeal apparatus aka/s
|
Branchial apparatus is also
called pharyngeal apparatus. Clefts are also called grooves. |
|
Branchial apparatus layers
|
CAP covers outside from inside
(Clefts = ectoderm, Arches = mesoderm, Pouches = endoderm). |
|
Branchial arch 1 derivatives
muscles |
Meckel’s cartilage:
Mandible, Malleus, incus, sphenoMandibular ligament. |
|
Branchial arch 1 derivatives
cartilage |
Muscles: Muscles of Mastication (temporalis, Masseter, lateral and Medial pterygoids)
Mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, anterior 2⁄3 of tongue. |
|
Branchial arch 1 derivatives
nerves |
Nerve: CN V2 and CN V3.
|
|
Branchial arch 2 derivatives
muscles |
Reichert’s cartilage: Stapes, Styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, Stylohyoid ligament.
|
|
Branchial arch 2 derivatives
cartilage |
Muscles: muscles of facial expression, Stapedius, Stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric.
|
|
Branchial arch 2 derivatives
nerves |
Nerve: CN VII.
|
|
Branchial arch 3 derivatives
muscles |
Cartilage: greater horn of hyoid.
|
|
Branchial arch 3 derivatives
cartilage |
Muscle: stylopharyngeus.
|
|
Branchial arch 3 derivatives
nerves |
Nerve: CN IX.
|
|
Branchial arch 4,6 derivatives
cartilages |
Cartilages: thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids, corniculate,
cuneiform. |
|
Branchial arch 4 derivatives
muscles |
Muscles (4th arch): most pharyngeal constrictors,
cricothyroid, levator veli palatini. |
|
Branchial arch 4 derivatives
nerves |
Nerve: 4th arch––CN X (superior laryngeal branch);
|
|
Branchial arch 6 derivatives
muscles |
Muscles (6th arch): all intrinsic muscles of larynx
except cricothyroid. |
|
Branchial arch 6 derivatives
nerves |
6th arch––CN X (recurrent laryngeal branch).
|
|
which Branchial arch
form posterior 1/3 of tongue. |
Arches 3 and 4
|
|
which Branchial arch
Meckel’s cartilage: Mandible, Malleus, incus, sphenoMandibular ligament. |
1
|
|
which Branchial arch
Muscles: Muscles of Mastication (temporalis, Masseter, lateral and Medial pterygoids), Mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, anterior 2⁄3 of tongue. |
1
|
|
which Branchial arch
Nerve: CN V2 and CN V3. |
1
|
|
which Branchial arch
Reichert’s cartilage: Stapes, Styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, Stylohyoid ligament. |
2
|
|
which Branchial arch
Muscles: muscles of facial expression, Stapedius, Stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric. |
2
|
|
which Branchial arch
Nerve: CN VII. |
2
|
|
which Branchial arch
Cartilage: greater horn of hyoid. |
3
|
|
which Branchial arch
Muscle: stylopharyngeus. |
3
|
|
which Branchial arch
Nerve: CN IX. |
3
|
|
which Branchial arch
Cartilages: thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform. |
4-6
|
|
which Branchial arch
Muscles: most pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid, levator veli palatini. |
(4th arch)
|
|
which Branchial arch
Muscles : all intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid. |
(6th arch)
|
|
which Branchial arch
CN X (superior laryngeal branch) |
4th
|
|
which Branchial arch
CN X (recurrent laryngeal branch). |
6th
|
|
which Branchial arch
makes no major developmental contributions. |
Arch 5
|
|
Branchial arch innervation
and implications |
Arch 1 -- CN V2 and V3.
Arch 2 -- CN VII. Arch 3 -- CN IX. Arch 4 and 6 --CN X. with the exception of V2(no motor) these are the only CN's that have both sensory and motor components |
|
Tongue development wrt arches and sensation/taste
|
1st branchial arch forms anterior 2/3 (thus sensation
via CN V3, taste via CN VII). 3rd and 4th arches form posterior 1/3 (thus sensation and taste mainly via CN IX, extreme posterior via CN X). |
|
Tongue motor innervation
|
Motor innervation is via CN XII.
|
|
Taste sensory nucleus of the brain and CN's
|
Taste is CN VII, IX, X
(solitary nucleus); |
|
Pain and motor innervation of the tounge
|
pain is CN V3, IX, X;
motor is CN XII. |
|
Branchial cleft derivatives
1st |
1st cleft develops into external auditory meatus.
|
|
Branchial cleft derivatives
2nd-4th |
2nd through 4th clefts form temporary cervical sinuses
which are obliterated by proliferation of 2nd arch mesenchyme. |
|
Persistent cervical sinus can
lead to what and where |
a branchial cyst in
the lateral neck. Thyroglossal duct cyst in midline neck. |
|
Ear development
Bones |
Malleus/incus––
1st arch Stapes––2nd arch |
|
Ear development
Muscles |
Tensor tyMpani (V3)––1st arch
Stapedius (VII)––2nd arch |
|
Ear development
External auditory meatus |
1st cleft
|
|
Ear development
eustachian tube |
Eardrum, eustachian tube––1st
branchial membrane |
|
Ear development
Eardrum |
Eardrum, eustachian tube––1st
branchial membrane |
|
branchial membranes
|
are located at junctions of clefts with pouches
|
|
are located at junctions of clefts with pouches
|
branchial membranes
|
|
Branchial pouch derivatives
1st pouch |
middle ear cavity, eustachian
tube, mastoid air cells. |
|
Branchial pouch derivatives
middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells. |
1st pouch
|
|
Branchial pouch derivatives
2nd pouch |
develops into epithelial lining of palatine tonsil.
|
|
Branchial pouch derivatives
develops into epithelial lining of palatine tonsil. |
2nd pouch
|
|
Branchial pouch derivatives
3rd pouch |
3rd pouch (dorsal wings) develops into inferior
parathyroids. 3rd pouch (ventral wings) develops into thymus. |
|
Branchial pouch derivatives
develops into inferior parathyroids. |
3rd pouch (dorsal wings)
|
|
Branchial pouch derivatives
develops into thymus. |
3rd pouch (ventral wings)
|
|
Branchial pouch derivatives
4th pouch |
develops into superior parathyroids.
|
|
Branchial pouch derivatives
develops into superior parathyroids. |
4th pouch
|
|
Branchial pouch
Aberrant development of 3rd and 4th pouches → |
DiGeorge syndrome
|
|
Branchial derivatives
DiGeorge syndrome |
Aberrant development of 3rd
and 4th pouches |
|
Thyroid development
arises from and movement |
Thyroid diverticulum arises from floor of primitive pharynx, descends into neck.
|
|
Thyroid development
WRT tounge |
Connected to tongue by
thyroglossal duct, which normally disappears but may persist as pyramidal lobe of thyroid. |
|
Thyroid development
wrt normal remnant |
persist as pyramidal lobe of thyroid. Foramen cecum is normal remnant of thyroglossal duct.
|
|
Most common ectopic thyroid tissue
|
the tongue.
|
|
Cleft lip
|
failure of fusion of the maxillary and medial
nasal processes (formation of 1° palate). |
|
failure of fusion of the maxillary and medial
nasal processes (formation of 1° palate). |
Cleft lip
|
|
Cleft palate
|
failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes, the nasal septum, and/or the median palatine process (formation of 2° palate).
|
|
failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes, the nasal septum, and/or the median palatine process (formation of 2° palate).
|
Cleft palate
|
|
Diaphragm embryology
derivations |
Several Parts Build Diaphragm.
1. Septum transversum 2. Pleuroperitoneal folds 3. Body wall 4. Dorsal mesentery of esophagus |
|
Diaphragm migration
|
Diaphragm descends during
development but maintains innervation from above C3–C5. “C3, 4, 5 keeps the diaphragm alive.” |
|
Pancreas is derived from the
|
foregut
|
|
Pancreas where the different parts derive from
|
Ventral pancreatic bud becomes pancreatic head, uncinate process (lower half of head), and main pancreatic duct.
Dorsal pancreatic bud becomes everything else (body, tail, isthmus, and accessory pancreatic duct). |
|
Spleen arises from/blood supply
|
dorsal mesentery but is supplied by artery of foregut.
|
|
Annular pancreas
|
ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds abnormally encircle duodenum;forms a ring of pancreatic tissue that may cause duodenal narrowing.
|
|
ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds abnormally encircle duodenum;forms a ring of pancreatic tissue that may cause duodenal narrowing.
|
Annular pancreas
|
|
borders from foregut to hind gut
|
1. Foregut––pharynx to duodenum
2. Midgut––duodenum to transverse colon 3. Hindgut––distal transverse colon to rectum |
|
Kidney embryology
|
1. Pronephros––week 4 then degenerates
2. Mesonephros––first trimester then contributes to male genital system 3. Metanephros––permanent |
|
Mesonephric (wolffian) duct
becomes |
SEED.
Seminal vesicles, Epididymis, Ejaculatory duct, and Ductus deferens. |
|
Mesonephric duct aka
|
wolffian duct
|
|
wolffian duct aka
|
Mesonephric duct
|
|
Paramesonephric duct aka
|
müllerian duct
|
|
müllerian duct aka
|
Paramesonephric duct
|
|
Paramesonephric (müllerian) duct
becomes |
Develops into fallopian tube, uterus, and part of vagina.
|
|
Develops into fallopian tube, uterus, and part of vagina.
|
Paramesonephric (müllerian) duct
|
|
Develops into Seminal vesicles, Epididymis, Ejaculatory duct, and Ductus deferens.
|
Mesonephric (wolffian) duct
|
|
Müllerian inhibiting substance
secreted by/for |
by testes suppresses development of paramesonephric ducts in males.
|
|
↑ androgens cause development of ?????? ducts.
|
Mesonephric (wolffian) duct
|
|
what cause development of mesonephric ducts.
|
↑ androgens
|
|
Male detrmining gene and process
|
SRY gene on Y Chr codes for testis-determining factor. leads to Müllerian inhibiting substance secreted by testes suppresses development of
paramesonephric ducts in males. |
|
male homolog of
Glans clitoris |
Glans penis
|
|
male homolog of
Vestibular bulbs |
Corpus spongiosum
|
|
male homolog of
Greater vestibular glands (of Bartholin) |
Bulbourethral glands
(of Cowper) |
|
male homolog of
Urethral and paraurethral glands (of Skene) |
Prostate gland
|
|
male homolog of
Labia minora |
Ventral shaft of penis
(penile urethra) |
|
male homolog of
Labia majora |
Scrotum
|
|
female homolog of
Glans penis |
Glans clitoris
|
|
female homolog of
Corpus spongiosum |
Vestibular bulbs
|
|
female homolog of
Bulbourethral glands (of Cowper) |
Greater vestibular glands
(of Bartholin) |
|
female homolog of
Prostate gland |
Urethral and paraurethral glands
(of Skene) |
|
female homolog of
Ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra) |
Labia minora
|
|
female homolog of
Scrotum |
Labia majora
|
|
Male/female genital homologues
what drives it towards male vs female |
Dihydrotestosterone
vs Estrogen |
|
In the male what does the Genital tubercle become
|
Glans penis
|
|
In the male what does the Urogenital sinus become
|
-Corpus spongiosum
-Bulbourethral gland (of Cowper) -Prostate gland |
|
In the male what does the Urogenital folds become
|
Ventral shaft of penis
(penile urethra) |
|
In the male what does the Labioscrotal swelling become
|
Scrotum
|
|
In the female what does the Genital tubercle become
|
Glans clitoris
|
|
In the female what does the Urogenital sinus become
|
-Vestibular bulbs
-Greater vestibular glands (of Bartholin) -Urethral and paraurethral glands (of Skene) |
|
In the female what does the Urogenital folds become
|
Labia minora
|
|
In the female what does the Labioscrotal swelling become
|
Labia majora
|