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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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conservation
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using resources wisely
-saving for the future |
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preservation
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non-use of a resource
protection unimpaired for the future |
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exploitation
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maximum use of a resource
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resource
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material thing with human utility
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natural resource
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resource that comes from the
earth / atmosphere / biosphere |
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4 questions to compare authors views on nature
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1 - what is nature
(whats included / excluded... what does nature mean / represent) 2 - what is human's relationship to nature? (part / apart from nature) 3- how SHOULD humans use nature? 4- what or who SHOULD regulate human uses? |
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Kate's part / apart
4 perspectives on our relationship to nature |
1- "nature as given"
2- "nature as mystery" 3- "nature as dominion" 4- "nature as system" |
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kate's perspective 1
"nature as given" |
-no difference between human-impacted and "natural" enviro
-understanding based on objects providing basic needs -no seperation between humans and the environment (man is just another animal) |
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kate's perspective 2
"nature as mystery" |
-wonder / mystery / a sacred object / a symbol /
a mystical singular wholeness -religious practices that provide meaning and utility to cultures --interpret nature --maintain social cohesion --preserve ecology |
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kate's perspective 3
"nature as dominion" |
idea existed before judio-christian tradition -- not as prevalent now
"nature was given to man to make a living" ==bible "masters" of nature must understand its workings (descartes) |
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kate's perspective 4
"nature as system" |
observing / classifying
-explaining nature in systematic way -put nature into systematic framework 1700s - physico theology = study of god in the works of nature teleology - doctrine that nature has ultimate purpose / goal *modern day scientific inquiry* |
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what does NATURE represent to crevecoeur
in Letters From an American Farmer |
nature represents:
-livelihood -boundless opportunity -freedom --opportunity to control one's destiny -source of amusement / awe / admiration ---bees = orderly / industrius / predictable -possesion (private property) |
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what does WILDERNESS represent to crevecoeur
in Letters From an American Farmer |
-savagery
-isolation leads to anti-social behavior -danger -hostility -sloth (aversion to work / laziness) -something to be mastered |
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Values reflected in
Letters From an American Farmer WHAT IS GOOD???? |
GOOD:
-industry -sobriety -hard work -tolerance of different social classes -mastery of nature -progress -self sufficiency -independence |
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Values reflected in
Letters From an American Farmer WHAT IS BAD???? |
BAD:
-taxes -lack of religion -selfishness -WILDERNESS |
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Are humans part / apart from nature
LETTERS from an American Farmer |
human's shouldn't get too close to nature
humans need to SUBDUE nature ---- and thus are APART from nature |
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how should humans use nature?
LETTERS from and American Farmer |
nature is there to provide livelihood
humans should TAME nature nature is limitless |
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who should regulate use of nature?
LETTERS from an American Farmer |
government should interfere MINIMALLY
-individual motivation to better selves |
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view of America - the "NEW WORLD"
LETTERS form an American Farmer |
-endless
-untamed -available for taking -lightly populated (some agriculture, hunting, gathering) |
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view of Europe - the "OLD WORLD"
LETTERS form an American Farmer |
-concentrated land ownership
-non-landowners can't get ahead -well established government -no wilderness left (even high mtns settled) -forests carefully managed |
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OLD WORLD INTELLECTUAL TRADITIONS (1600s)
-the 3 enlightenment thinkers |
DESCARTES:
-human consciouness sets us apart from nature -superior to animals LOCKE: -private property (applied to nature) -land = commodity to be owned LINNAEUS: -nature is a collection of discrete objects that can be CLASSIFIED -described & thus understood -sets humans apart from nature |
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"pristine"
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minimally altered
perfect beautiful |
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what is nature?
LEWIS AND CLARK |
-there to be observed
-mostly unemotional -food (game) -entertainment (hunting for fun, watching friends get chased by bears) -challenge (wind / other obstacles to overcome) -wild and savage (empty) ---(but no judeo-christian judgement) -something to measure / count --SCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVE -POSSESION (entitled to use as they pleased) -nat'l pride -nat'l destiny |
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part / apart from nature?
LEWIS and CLARK |
-IN nature
-apart from (how they used it) --killing for study / collection -scientific perspective -ABOVE IT- (couldn't beleive nature could be as beautiful as human creation) |
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how should humans use nature?
LEWIS AND CLARK |
take resources for human use
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How should use be regulated?
LEWIS AND CLARK |
we're not expected to give anything back
occasionally personal values prevent waste |
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the falls
LEWIS AND CLARK |
=sublime
first mention of aesthetic / spriritual value of nature |
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EMERSON background
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1803 - 1882
-born in boston -family of merchants / ministers -father = unitarian minister and chaplain of MA senate -boston latin school -harvard college -taught school then became minister and married -WIFE DIED 1831 -1832 resigned ministry -went to EUROPE -visited Coleridge, Wordsworth, Carlyle -met with scientists -- visited botanical gardens (INTERESTED IN NATURE / NATURAL SCIENCE) -returned from Europe -Moved to CONCORD and remarried -wrote "NATURE" -published thoreau |
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THOREAU background
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1817 - 1863 -Concord MA
-harvard -met emerson in Concord after graduation -failed at being a teacher -worked for father making pencils -emerson encouraged him to keep journal -aspired to be a poet -less socially adept than emerson -built house at walden pond - on emerson's land -foraged, grew own food, wrote and mediated -wrote "WALDEN" |
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American settlers brought pre-conceived notions about nature with them
-this reflected how they wrote about the new world (guest lecture Bickman) |
bradford
morton emerson thoreau |
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BRADFORD
(guest lecture) |
1620s colonist on mayflower
-metaphors in nature -defined america by what was missing ((-) definition) == civilization -bible template for his reality -weather was threatening / dangerous -native americans = savage barbarians -wilderness = hideous and desolate -salvation comes from heaven, not from earth -nature falls as humans fall -divide between humans and nature - |
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MORTON
(guest lecture) |
1620s MA colonist
-NOT a puritan -positive language to describe land (exuberance / abundance / fertility) -onomatopoeia (murmur, buzz) -influenced by classical tradition -land envisioned as womans body -nature is REDEMPTIVE -nature erotic, nurturing -american landscape related to our capacity for wonder |
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in new world people could enact fantasy of returning to garden of eden
(guest lecture) |
visions of pastoral
pastoral poetry popular in england pastoral = rural / simple |
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Emerson
(guest lecture) |
seperation between nature and self dissolve
you are what you see --> ecstacy nature, human, divine become one -->moment of harmony finds ecstacy in nature, not church |
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Thoreau's Walden
(guest lecture) |
doesn't go into nature SEEKING enlightenment
must receive enlightenment, not look for it the unity of all things thoreau uses all the senses (unlike emerson-- just visual) -recreates his own pastoral vision at waldon -god found in nature / not church |
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what is nature?
EMERSON |
nature is spirituality
-find god thru connection with nature nature is rejuvination -being freed from daily routine '''the light of the woods is like a constant -morning- and is stimulating, heroic -intellectual / contemplative approach to nature |
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what is nature?
THOREAU |
something observable / measurable
-awesome, savage, beautiful -place to test himself -- get out of comfort zone -experience in wilderness is cleansing -the presence of nature not yet controlled by man is refreshing nature is his inspiration to write HANDS ON-direct experience with nature |
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MARSH
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1801 - 1882
-born / raised in Woodstock VT -educated connected family -grandfather VT governer, father district attourney - member of congress -college at dartmouth -became lawyer - then politics -worked for us gov't in turkey -became US embassador in Italy -traveled thru Mediterranean and Middle East (long history of human habitation) "MAN AND NATURE" -points out (-) effects of humans on nature |
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what is nature?
MARSH |
-a balanced, self-sustaining system
-inherently harmonious unless disturbed by humans -ideal nature is forested |
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part / apart from nature?
MARSH |
"he is not of her"
humans only disturb nature if humans work in harmony with nature we can all survive |
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how should humans use nature?
MARSH |
shouldn't use it faster than it replenishes itself
should try to restore what has been degraded |
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how should use be regulated?
MARSH |
-no discussion of role of gov't
-individuals who know better should do the restoration |
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New England - contrast today and 1800s
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today:
-rural New England mostly forests -just enough agriculture for visual contrast -80% forests 1850: -20% forest -everything else farmland -industrialization and urbanization in S New England -**Marsh present @ this time** |
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New England and Marsh's perspective
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witnessing the effects of widespread forest clearing
influenced Marsh's perspective on humans and the environment |
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MUIR background
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1838 - 1914
-born in Scotland -family emigrated to Wisconsin -was only allowed to read science (snuck romantic poetry) -liked going into the woods -university of Wisconsin -fled to canada to avoid draft -returned to factory job in indianapolis -eye injury at work catalyzed aspirations for world travel -1868 arrives in san francisco --leaves for Yosemite -yosemite is most divine of all earthly places -- the lord's mountain house --lived in yosemite -herded sheep -ran sawmill (downed trees) -explored area -RELIGIOUS / ARTISTIC / SCIENTIFIC perspectives of nature |
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Muir's scientific perspective
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-debate over formation of Yosemite Valley
-leading theory : cataclysm -MUir's theory: slow moving glacier -looked for evidence while hiking -placed markers on glacier -documented movement -wrote "Yosemite's Glaciers" -Johnson comes from E coast to see yosemite -Muir and him see grazing / logging / mining in Tuolumne --team up to protect area as Nat'l Park |
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what is nature?
MUIR |
history
beauty adventure SALVATION innocence inspiration for poetry |
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part / apart from nature?
MUIR |
feels connection thru direct physical experience
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how should humans use it?
MUIR |
preserve
& observe -especially sacred places like yosemite |
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how should uses be regulated
MUIR |
**FEDERAL PROTECTION**
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*wilderness as is and once tamed would remain limitless for our needs*
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LETTERS
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*preferred thinking, writing, and talking to experiencing*
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EMERSON
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*examined landscape close to him*
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EMERSON
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*center of his world was MAN*
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EMERSON
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*nature is more significant for its mental , rather than physical challenges*
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EMERSON
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*first to describe the correspondances between man, nature, and god*
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EMERSON
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*nature is the most ancient religion*
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EMERSON
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*nature is the city of god*
*nature is everywhere* |
EMERSON
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*prescribes a model lifestyle
in which the individual can explore a RELATIONSHIP with the natural world* |
THOREAU
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*lived off the land*
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THOREAU
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*scrutinized AND philosophized*
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THOREAU
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transcendentalism and emerson
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the literary philosophical movement.
the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends observation / scientific information spiritual reality is knowable thru intuition - impression |
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*focuses on science - travel - survival - **eyes turned outward**
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LEWIS / CLARK
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**eyes turned inward** man's philosophic relationship to nature is contemplative*
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EMERSON & THOREAU
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*man was made to be free*
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THOREAU
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*american living with meaningless round of dull work and noisy recreation is dreadful*
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THOREAU
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*the world of thought is more natural than that of observed objects*
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THOREAU
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*too much information can be useless*
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THOREAU
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*what is it to be born free and equal, and not to live?*
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THOREAU
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*live outdoors, live simply*
*material success is worse than failure* |
THOREAU
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*nature + spirit free us*
*must look inward and outward to appreciate nature* |
EMERSON
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"eco-criticism"
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look at literature from eco point of view
-political correctness spread to the enviro |
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bradford saw wild
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"wild place - un christian - threatening
when adam and eve bit the bapple nature turned ferocious (wild) -now gap between humans and nature |
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Mortan
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nature can restore us to paradise
nature ISN"T fallen |
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*institutional religion clouds spirituality*
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EMERSON
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*capitalize Nature*
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THOREAU
EMERSON MUIR |
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thoreau refers to civilization
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not capitalized
civil -- we're supposed to act a certain way |
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*nature first - man second*
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THOREAU
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*nature is everchanging*
*you see the design of every living thing in every other living thing* |
EMERSON
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*people identify with what they do, not who they are -- 'i'm a plumber' - not 'i plumb'*
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THOREAU
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thoreau sees footprint--- interpretation
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human impact
we presume man's presence everywhere -hard to imagine place wo humans -"and we have not yet seen nature in its pure form" |
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transcendentalism
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reality will be discovered by the processes of thought
intuity and spiritual is greater than the empirical (observed) |
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thoreau v lewis / clark
similarity |
observed and recorded information about nature
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thoreau v lewis / clark
difference |
LEWIS / CLARK:
-humans > nature --something almost as beautiful as a human? -no spiritual aspect -doing a job -reads like a field book -explored scientifically THOREAU: -nature > humans -spiritual -personal discovery -poetic quality |
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DESCARTES (enlightenment thinker)
relevance to european attitude |
CONSCIOUSNESS seperates us
we are superior |
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LOCKE (enlightenment thinker)
relevance to european attitude |
land is a commodity
private property we can OWN nature |
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LINNAEOUS (enlightenment thinker)
relevance to european attitude |
classified / categorized nature
we can compartmentalize nature we have dominion over nature we can tame nature / conquer nature |
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Bradford & Mortan's attitudes prevalent in Letters
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-letters saw wilderness as dangerous place
-opportunity / aesthetics / fear -goes back and forth -- different attitudes toward --NATURE (can be orderly, beautiful) --WILDERNESS (savage) |
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*consciousness sets us apart from nature, though we try to seek unity with nature*
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KATES
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enlightenment thinkers explored...
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the disruption between humans and nature
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only time lewis / clark describe nature as beautiful
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thundering falls
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transcendentalism from rec.
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reflected dissatisfaction w unitarian church
both men and women iterative (repetition) -ppl willing to accept they were understanding themselves, nature and the divine better thru conversation -influenced by British Romantic movement |
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Muir & Emerson
similarities |
both talked about god
salvation the divine desire for connection very pure beleif in god |
