2007 Chapter 1 Cards

Front 1

The Indies

Back 1

~What the Europeans called the area including: China, Japan, the Spice Islands, Thailand and India. They knew of the great spices and riches that came from them, and wished to find a trade route by sea to avoid the Muslim controlled mid-east.

Front 2

Prince Henry the Navigator

Back 2

~Portuguese sailor who began many expeditions to W. Africa, and also helped many to learn new navigational techniques, and also founded a navigation school in Portugal.

Front 3

Atlantic Islands

Back 3

~Islands such as the Canaries, Madiera, and the Azores where the Portuguese grew sugar and brought in African slaves to grow/harvest it for them. They also exploited Natives and made them into slaves.

Front 4

quadrant

Back 4

~Instrument the measures latitude, a new invention that helped ships find their location when far from land; invented by the Portuguese.

Front 5

caravel

Back 5

~ A lighter ship, better suited to Atlantic sailing, that was useful in sailing into the wind in violent seas, first used by the Portuguese.

Front 6

mulatto

Back 6

~People of mixed race, who were often slaves.

Front 7

Christopher Columbus

Back 7

~ Led expedition financed by Ferdinand and Isabella to what he believed to be India, but what was in fact the Caribbean/ America (San lalvador, Hipanola, Cuba)

Front 8

reconquista

Back 8

~The name for the Spanish achievement of ridding Spain of Muslims and Muslim influeneces, the Spanish crusade.

Front 9

Amerigo Vespucci

Back 9

~The Italian explorer falsely credited with discovering the Americas in 1503, a decade after Christopher Columbus.

Front 10

Causes of European exploration & conquest

Back 10

~There was competition for land and resources in Europe, a lack of work, a need for glory among attention seekers, a demand for gold for asian trade, and a need to convert as many as possible to Christianity.

Front 11

Aztecs

Back 11

~Ancient native civilization in Mexico ,rich in people and resources, that was wiped out by Spanish Conquistadors through work and disease.

Front 12

Montezuma; Moctezuma

Back 12

~King of the Aztecs who waged war against Cortez and the settlers, but eventually surrendered after the city was barricaded by the Spanish, and was killed by Cortez.

Front 13

Hernando Cortez

Back 13

~A Spanish conquistador, who conquered the Aztec civilization of Mexico, claiming it for spain, as he ruined the city and robbed it of its gold and people.

Front 14

conquistadors

Back 14

~Spanish explorers who conquered the native populations of the areas that they found in the Americas and the Caribbean.

Front 15

Small pox; Indian epidemics

Back 15

~Diseases that killed almost all of the native populations in the Americas, that were contracted from Europeans settlers. The native populations died because they had not natural anti-bodies with which to fight the diseases, as they had never before been exposed to them.

Front 16

Columbian Exchange

Back 16

~The exchange of livestock, agriculture, and disease between the Native Americans and the European settlers.

Front 17

Spanish colonial bureaucracy

Back 17

~Spanish government that controlled all Spanish territories in the Americas, all ruled by officials appointed by the Crown, who had only the Crown’s interests in mind.

Front 18

encomienda

Back 18

~Spanish plantation in the Caribbean, South and Central America, where Native peoples were made to work, mass producing a certain good.

Front 19

Bartolome de Las Casas

Back 19

~Spanish monk who fought for the rights of the Native peoples who lived under the Spanish.

Front 20

Black Legend

Back 20

~The negative view or idea of the Spanish rule in Americas, where workers of color were ill-treated and over-worked.

Front 21

Martin Luther

Back 21

~The leader of protestant reformation, who introduced the idea that faith, was all that was required to make it to Heaven, going against the Catholic idea that both faith and good works were required for Heaven.

Front 22

Priesthood of all believers

Back 22

~The idea introduced by Luther, that each person is their own priest or connection to god, making the clergy obsolete.

Front 23

John Calvin

Back 23

~A protestant follower who created his own sect based on pre-destination. He believed that God selected a few pure beings for heaven, that you had no control over your fate, urging all his followers to follow doctrine and faith in case they were one of the few selected.

Front 24

Protestantism

Back 24

The sect of Christianity created by Martin Luther, that declared faith was the only requirement for heaven, and the only unerring source of God on earth was the bible, not the clergy.

Front 25

The Elect

Back 25

~The few people that god selected for salvation, as believed by followers of Calvinism.

Front 26

Predestination

Back 26

~The idea that God has already selected a few pure beings for heaven, and that one has no control over their fate, meaning that all followers should follow doctrine and faith in case they were one of the few selected for salvation.

Front 27

Calling

Back 27

~The work of God’s Elect, that was a lifetime of Good deeds and good will towards others to fulfill their deastiny.

Front 28

Holy Commonwealth

Back 28

~In Geneva, Calvin created one, a city where the elect held power over all others, enforcing moralistic views and behavior.

Front 29

Church of England

Back 29

~The introduction of a form of false Protestantism into England, when King Henry VIII split with the Catholic church over the issue of divorce.

Front 30

English Puritans

Back 30

~ Followers of strict Calvinism in England, who were so named when they opposed Catholic influences in the English church.

Front 31

Joint stock companies

Back 31

~Small, privately owned companies where many people shared capital and used it to finance missions to the Americas.

Front 32

Sir Walter Raleigh

Back 32

~A sailor and soldier who was granted charter to settle a colony in America, by the Queen. He led the Roanoke colony before leaving for England to return with soldiers to fight violent Native Americans.

Front 33

Roanoke Colonies

Back 33

~Colony settled on Roanoke Island that disappeared mysteriously, leaving only a few homes and the message “CROATOAN”