2000- Test 1 Cardiovascular Disease

Front 1

The circulatory system or heart and blood vessels is the _____.

Back 1

cardiovascular system

Front 2

3 examples of CV disease are:

Back 2

-Coronary Heart Disease
-Cerebrovascular Disease (stroke)
-High Blood pressure

Front 3

The number 1 cause of death for both men and women in the US is _____.

Back 3

CHD

Front 4

Coronary heart disease is the narrowing of ____ that...

Back 4

blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart.

Front 5

The cause of CHD is _____.

Back 5

atherosclerosis

Front 6

Atherosclerosis is an ____ therefore some doctors order a high sensitivity CRP.

Back 6

inflammatory response

Front 7

Atherosclerosis occurs in the ____.

Back 7

intima

Front 8

Atherosclerosis happens when there is injury to the ____ and then LDL cholesterol enters the vessel wall. This activates the _____ which causes monocytes to come. The monocytes turn into macrophages which eat ____. As they accumulate they become ____ and protrude into the arterial lumen. Then atherosclerotic plaque forms. This is an atheroma and it will form a fibrous cap.

Back 8

endothelium
inflammatory/immune response
LDL
foam cells

Front 9

The fibrous cap of the atheroma can be either stable or unstable. If it is ___ it is thick and less likely to rupture. If it is _____ then the cap is thin and is more likely to rupture or fissure.

Back 9

stable
unstable

Front 10

The ____ of the atheroma keeps the lipid core from making contact with the blood. If contact is made, a thrombus formation occurs.

Back 10

fibrous cap

Front 11

Non-modifiable risk factors for CHD are

Back 11

age, gender, and genetics

Front 12

Modifiable risk factors for CHD are:

Back 12

obesity
smoking
physical inactivity
diet
HTN
Diabetes
hyperlipidemia

Front 13

Cholesterol is used for ____ and _____.

Back 13

cell walls and bowel acid synthesis

Front 14

LDL> ____= greater risk for CHD.

Back 14

100

Front 15

The modifiable risk that decreases the risk of CHD the most is ______.

Back 15

smoking

Front 16

A person with ___ shaped body is at increased risk for CHD.

Back 16

apple

Front 17

Components of metabolic syndrome include:

Back 17

-Abdominal obesity
-high triglycerides
-insulin resistance
-low HDL cholesterol
-hypertension

Front 18

The 5 As model for smoking cessation include:

Back 18

-Ask about smoking
-Advise to quit
-Assess willingness to quit
-Assist in quit attempt
-Arrange follow-up

Front 19

The greater the amount of cholesterol circulating in the blood, the greater the risk of _____.

Back 19

cardiovascular disease

Front 20

____ lower LDL the most.

Back 20

Statins

Front 21

____ inhibit HMG CoA reductase enzyme which reduces cholesterol production. This causes the liver to increase LDL receptors so that it can remove more LDL from blood into the liver.

Back 21

Statins

Front 22

Adverse effects of statins include:

Back 22

-headache, diarrhea, constipation, blurred vision, insomnia, skin rashes

Front 23

Major adverse effects of Statins are

Back 23

-hepatotoxicity
-myopathy
-rhabdomyolysis

Front 24

Nursing responsibilities for Statins are:

Back 24

-baseline lipid profile
-warn pt of potential for memory loss and forgetfulness
-baseline blood sugar and and HbA1c levels
-patient education (jaundice, upper ABD pain, muscle pain)

Front 25

Cholesterol meds should be taken ____ because most cholesterol is produced at night.

Back 25

qHS

Front 26

Cholestyramine, Colestipol hydrocholoride, and Colesevelam hydrocholoride are types of _____.

Back 26

bile acid sequestrants

Front 27

Bile acid sequestrants _____.

Back 27

decrease LDL

Front 28

The action of bile acid sequestrants is to

Back 28

prevent reabsorption of bile acids from the small intestine.

Front 29

Bile acid sequestrants bind bile acids in the intestinal lumen so that it is excreted in ____. This reduces amt of bile acids returning to liver. The liver needs increased ___ for BA production so it increases _____ in liver therefore removing more cholesterol from blood.

Back 29

feces
cholesterol
LDL receptors

Front 30

SE of bile acid sequestrants include:

Back 30

constipation, bloating, indigestion, and nausea.

Front 31

Bile acid sequestrants have no systemic effects because it is not

Back 31

absorbed from the GI tract.

Front 32

Nursing considerations for bile acid sequestrants include:

Back 32

-obtain baseline lipid profile
-can bind with other drugs so take 1 hour before or 4 hours after
-increase fluids and fiber

Front 33

_____ is the most effective drug class to increase HDL.

Back 33

Nicotinic acid (Niacin)

Front 34

_____ increases HDL and decreases production of VLDL which lowers LDL.

Back 34

Nicotinic acid (Niacin or B3)

Front 35

Adverse effects of Nicotinic Acid are

Back 35

-flushing/hot flashes
-sensation of warmth
-pruritis
-GI (NVD)
-POSTURAL HYPOTENSION
-HEPATOTOXICITY

Front 36

Nursing considerations for Nicotinic acid are

Back 36

-baseline lipid profile
-take 1 ASA 30 min. prior
-monitor BG
-monitor uric acid levels
-don't use OTC B3

Front 37

Nicotinic acid poses the risk for _____.

Back 37

gout

Front 38

Fenofibrate, Gemfibrozil, and Fenofibric acid are types of _____.

Back 38

Fibric Acid Derivatives (Fibrates)

Front 39

Fibrates are the most effective drug class to

Back 39

lower triglycerides.

Front 40

Fibrates accelerate the clearance of VLDLs and thereby reducing the levels of _____.

Back 40

triglycerides

Front 41

Adverse effects of fibrates are

Back 41

nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea and rashes.

Front 42

A major adverse effect of fibrates when taken alone is

Back 42

gall stones

Front 43

When taking fibrates and statins a person is at increased risk for

Back 43

hepatotoxicity
myopathy
rhabdomyolysis

Front 44

Nursing care for patient in fibrates include:

Back 44

-report upper abdominal pain
-report drug interactions