Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what are the 3 stages of sexuality acccording to APA
|
Desire: interest in being sexual
Excitement: arousal caused by sexual stimulation Orgasm: peaking of sexual pleasure |
|
|
what constitues a sexual disorder
|
Problem in any 1 of 3 stages of sexuality
|
|
|
what are the 5 things that "has something to do with" human sexuality
|
Reproduction
Physiology Erotic desire Gender (Biologic, Expectations, Roles) Identity (Demand for synthesis of these elements) |
|
|
describe the physical development of infancy
|
Genital Response in the uterus
Male fetuses have erections in the uterus and female babies are capable of vaginal lubrication from birth Ability to reach orgasm Kinsey established that half of boys between the ages of 3 and 4 could achieve muscle spasms of orgasm, though no fluid is ejaculated |
|
|
how old are you in the infancy stage
|
birth to 2
|
|
|
what is the psychosexual development according to Kohlberg
|
Gender Identity ~2
Gender Stability ~3-5 Gender Consistency ~6 |
|
|
why is gender important? like what kind of things does it affect
|
Biologic & problems with binary concepts
Psychosocial: Identity, Role Expectations Desire - self/other (informed by both biologic and psychologic) |
|
|
what are the empirical problems with socialization of gender argument
|
Early play preferences
Behavioral modeling Peer and role-model preference Nuances of Gender Constancy Approximately the same Better understanding of constancy Doesn’t equate to stereotyped role-fulfillment Gender roles - Learn gender behaviors through modeling |
|
|
what are the sexual behaviors of Infancy
|
Body pleasures and genital response
Stimulation can create a generalized neurological response that stimulates the genital response (erections or vaginal lubrication). Masturbation Normal at this age and indicates exploration of body |
|
|
how do we transverse developmental stages ??? Explain physical, cognitive ways. How do they know if they are doing something right???
|
Trial and Error: Experimentation
Physical: self directed or interactive Cognitive: verbal/silent, interactive/imaginitive Modulated by affect (usually communicated via attitudes/reactions) |
|
|
how does Erikson's developmental theory describe shame/doubt stage and how old are they
|
2-3 yr old
Curiosity driven Exploration is heavily modulated by attachment security Balancing social norms (healthy shame) & Exploration (prideful self-awareness) Developmental demand: intact curiosity about sexual self |
|
|
how does Erikson's developmental theory describe initiative/guilt stage and how old are they
|
4-5 yr olds
More goal driven & Aware of others Risks: Inhibition (excessive guilt) or Lack of compassion (range: selfish to abusive) Developmental demand: initiative in exploring curiosity about sexual self |
|
|
Describe the physical development of early childhood
|
2-5 yr olds
Crucial period for physical development from walking to talking. Learn about nature of their bodies. |
|
|
Describe the psychosexual development of early childhood
|
Toilet training leads to an intense interest in genitals and bodily wastes.
During early childhood, children begin to ask basic questions about sexuality. Children are also exploring what it means to be “boys” or “girls.” |
|
|
Describe the sexual behavior of early childhood
|
Masturbation
Masturbation in early childhood may be deliberate and obvious and may even become a preoccupation Parental reaction important Setting socially acceptable limits vs. supporting developmentally driven exploration Sexual Contact Childhood sex play often begins with exposing the genitals, touching, and even rubbing up against each other |
|
|
What are the sexual knowledge/attitudes of early childhood
|
The secrecy surrounding sex taught to children at this period
Children are rarely taught the anatomically correct names for their genitals. Boys learn more about boys’ bodies and function and pleasure of the penis. |
|
|
What is the physical development of childhood through preadolescence
|
6-12 yr olds
Internal pubertal changes begin in the body Girls may begin menarche (12.5) and boys begin semenarche (11-15) |
|
|
What is the psychosexual development of childhood through preadolescence
|
Freud’s latency period now not favored
Sexual interest increases throughout childhood Children become better at hiding their sexual interests and behaviors |
|
|
What is the psychological development of childhood through preadolescence
|
Industry/Inferiority
Developmental demand: Competence Responsibility and clearer sense of right and wrong |
|
|
What is the sexual behavior of childhood through preadolescence
|
Children learn about adult sexual behaviors and begin to assimilate cultural taboos and prejudices around sexual behaviors.
Masturbation is not uncommon, more conscious process than early masturbatory exploration Sexual Contact Sexual play Sex games such as “spin the bottle” & “7’ in heaven” Both boys and girls exhibit a range of same-sex sexual behaviors as they move through childhood |
|
|
how do parents feel about the sexuality of children in the childhood through preadolescence.
Hint: 4 things we talked about |
Parents often send contradictory messages to their children about sexuality.
Parents are often unprepared and unsure how to respond to children’s sex play. Plummer calls the scripting of “absence” & scripting of values (negative typically) Associations of secrecy, shame, awkwardness, inadequacy, repressed, & guilty |
|
|
How are the sexual relationships of childhood through preadolescence? Not actually sexual fyi
|
Modeling
Expectations - Peer pressure/hierarchies/cliques Assimilation of new perspectives/information Start to recognize selves as relationally sexual Sexual play: range from normal to abusive (coercive) |
|
|
What is the physical development of adolescence.
Hint boys and girls have different manifestations so don't forget that in your answer |
12-18 yr olds
Puberty is a major stage of physiological sexual development, Maturing earlier or later than average associated with different effects across gender Boys: Muscular, Skeletal, Neurological, Genital, Glandular, Hair Girls: Body fat distribution, skeletal, Neurological, Genital, Glandular, Hair |
|
|
What is the psychosexual development of adolescence.
|
Friendships during this time are crucial to emotional well-being.
Cliques, dating, and body image become centrally important in adolescence. Gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender adolescents may have a tough time fitting in and feel depressed and alone. |
|
|
describe how Erikson describes psychosexal development in adolescence
|
Identity/Role Confusion
How am I unique v. fitting in Developmental crisis is one of “self-in-relation” Sexuality: Virginity or readiness for any sexual “next step” Sexual orientation “Am I man enough?” Body-image questions, demands for sexual objectification |
|
|
describe sexual self esteem in adolescence
|
feelings about one's sexual activity
perceptions of one's sexual appeal feelings concerning one's sexual adequacy contentment with one's body |
|
|
describe sexual self efficacy in adolescence
|
ability to say no to unwanted sex
ability to achieve sexual satisfaction ability to purchase and use condoms |
|
|
describe sexual self image in adolescence
|
perception of arousal
perception of openness to sexual experimentation anxiety in sexual situations commitment to a single sexual partner |
|
|
what is the definition of gender
|
Sociocultural and psychological dimensions of being male or female. It is a sociocultural term.
|
|
|
what is the definition of gender roles
|
A set of expectations that prescribes how females and males should think, act, and feel.
Children are exposed to and influenced by gender roles since childhood and intensifies during adolescence |
|
|
def of transgender
|
people who live full or part-time in the other gender’s role and derive psychosocial comfort in doing so.
|
|
|
def of transsexual
|
a person who feels that he or she is trapped in the body of the wrong gender.
|
|
|
def of transvestite
|
a person who dresses in the clothing of the other gender and derives sexual pleasure from doing so.
|
|
|
describe the feelings of transgender ppl. don't give def
|
Feel “trapped” in the body of the wrong sex; gender identity is inconsistent with his or her biological sex which is called gender dysphoria.
Most people identifying as transgendered report a life-long desire to be a member of the other sex The psychiatric term to refer to those with this condition is Gender Identity Disorder May not merely be a desire for any perceived cultural advantages of being the other sex |
|
|
what are the models of sexual orientation
|
kinsey scale
klein sexual orientation grid |
|
|
describe the kinsey scale
|
ranging from exclusively heterosexual behavior (0) to exclusively homosexual behavior (6).
|
|
|
describe the klein grid
|
shift from experiential (Kinsey) to attraction based
|
|
|
____-___% of males are predominantly gay, ___-___% of women are predominantly lesbian and ___-____% of people are bisexual.
|
3-4% of males are predominantly gay, 1.5-2% of women are predominantly lesbian and 2-5% of people are bisexual.
|
|
|
Has homo behavior gone up or down in the US
|
Trick question. it is constant
|
|
|
what are the bio theories of sexual orientation?
|
genetics or hormones
|
|
|
describe genetics of bio theory
|
Twin studies - conflicting, but general trend toward association
Chromosomes - Gay men have more gay relatives on Mo’s side Birth order - 33% increase in likelihood with each male born |
|
|
describe hormones of bio theory
|
Prenatal exposure shown to have an effect on sexual orientation in adulthood
Adult hormone levels not explanatory of sexual orientation differences |
|
|
What are developmental theories
|
Freud's psychoanalytic school
gender sociological behaviorist interactional |
|
|
describe Freud of development theory
|
Later model by Irving Beiberd: Mo/Son intimacy, Son dominant over father
Reparative Therapy |
|
|
describe gender of development theory
|
Role Nonconformity
|
|
|
describe sociological of development theory
|
Culturally shaped, contextually bound concept. Distinctions are linguistic and imbued w/ cultural meaning
|
|
|
describe behaviorist of development theory
|
reinforcement (gay), punishment (hetero)
|
|
|
describe interactional of development theory
|
BEM: biopsychosocial
|
|
|
why is coming out important?
|
Coming out is the need to establish a personal self-identity and communicate it to others.
|
|
|
what are the 6 stages of Cass's identity formation
|
identity confusion
identity comparison identity tolerance identity acceptance identity pride identity synthesis |
|
|
What is masters and johnson's sexual response cycle
|
excitement
plateau orgasm resolution |
|
|
what is helen singer kaplan's 3-stage model of sexual response
|
sexual desire
excitement orgasm |
|
|
what is david reed's erotic stimulus pathway
|
seduction
sensation surrender reflection |
|
|
are all sexual problems sexual dysfunction?
|
Many men and women experience sexual problems, but sexual problems aren’t the same as sexual dysfunctions
|
|
|
describe psychological factors in sexual dysfunction
|
Unconscious fears, anxiety, stress, depression, guilt, anger, fear, etc
Performance fears and an excessive need to please a partner interfere with sexual functioning. Distractions, shifts in attention, or preoccupation during sexual arousal may interfere with the ability to become aroused, as can spectatoring (acting as an observer or judge of one’s own sexual performance). |
|
|
what are the physical factors in sexual dysfunction
|
Physical causes such as disease, disability, illness, and many commonly used drugs can interfere at any point in the sexual response cycle in both men and women.
A person with poor health, who smokes, or takes medications or illegal drugs experiences more sexual dysfunctions. Sexual problems for women, with the exception of lubrication, have been found to decrease with age, while erection problems in men tend to increase with age. |
|
|
define primary sexual dysfunction
|
one that has always existed
|
|
|
describe secondary sexual dysfunction
|
one in which a dysfunction developed after a period of adequate functioning.
|
|
|
define situational sexual dysfunction
|
dysfunction that occurs during certain sexual activities or with certain partners.
|
|
|
define global sexual dysfunction
|
A global sexual dysfunction is a dysfunction that occurs in every situation, during every type of sexual activity, and with every sexual partner.
|
|
|
does the type of dysfunction affect treatment?
|
Yes
The type affects treatment strategies since primary problems tend to have more biological or physiological causes, while secondary problems tend to have more psychological causes. |
|
|
how do you treat sexual dysfunctions
|
Treatment of most sexual dysfunctions begins with a medical history and an evaluation of any past sexual trauma or abuse.
Treatment of sexual dysfunctions may be multimodal, involving more than one type of therapy. Success rates of treatment vary for different types of dysfunctions. |
|
|
describe hypoactive sexual desire
|
a low or absent desire for sexual activity, even with normal functioning.
Psychological causes - lack of attraction to one’s partner, fear of intimacy and/or pregnancy, marital or relationship conflicts, religious concerns, depression, and other psychological disorders. Can also result from negative messages about female sexuality, anorexia, or sexual coercion. Biological factors - hormonal problems, medication side effects, and illness, along with chronic use of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine |
|
|
how do you treat hypoactive sexual desire
|
Cognitive-behavioral therapy is most promising for women
emphasizes the importance of how a person thinks and the effects these thoughts have on a person’s feelings and behaviors. Testosterone has been used for both men and women the majority of men who experience low sexual desire have normal levels of testosterone. The discrepancy in desire between the partners can create a problem for a couple. |
|
|
describe sexual aversion
|
Strong disgust or fear to a sexual interaction,
History of sexual trauma and/or anorexia have been associated |
|
|
how do you treat sexual aversion
|
The most common treatment for sexual aversion involves discovering and resolving the underlying conflict that is contributing to the sexual aversion, often using cognitive-behavioral therapy
|
|
|
describe Female sexual arousal disorder
|
An inability to either obtain or maintain adequate lubrication in response to sexual excitement.
Physiological factors - decreased blood flow to the vulva Psychological factors - fear, guilt, anxiety, and depression. |
|
|
how do you treat Female sexual arousal disorder
|
Viagra
Combination of drugs and psychological therapy. EROS Clitoral Therapy Device was approved by the FDA for the treat FSAD. |
|
|
what is persistent sexual arousal syndrome
|
the opposite of FSAD, where a woman experiences excessive and unremitting arousal.
|
|
|
describe male erectile disorder
|
Inability to obtain or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance.
Psychological factors (including fear of failure and performance anxiety). Combination of physiological and psychological factors Diagnosis - nocturnal penile tumescence test (NPT) |
|
|
how do you treat male ED
|
Psychological Treatments: Systematic Desensitization, Sensate Focus, Couples Therapy
Medication: Viagara, Cialis, Levitra Hormonal: Injections Vacuum Constriction Surgical Treatments: Revascularization, Prosthesis (semirigid rods, inflatable devices) |
|
|
describe female orgasmic disorder
|
A delay or absence of orgasm following a normal phase of sexual excitement.
Psychological - more negative attitudes about masturbation, believe more myths about sexuality, and possess greater degrees of sex guilt. Physical factors - diabetes, neurological problems, hormonal deficiencies, alcoholism, and medications like antidepressants. |
|
|
how do you treat female orgasmic disorder
|
A combination of different treatment approaches, including homework assignments, sex education, communication skills, training, cognitive restructuring, and desensitization
Teaching a woman to masturbate to orgasm. Systematic desensitization |
|
|
describe male orgasmic disorder
|
8% of men reporting problems reaching orgasm.
A delay or absence of orgasm following a normal phase of sexual excitement. |
|
|
how do you treat male orgasmic disorder
|
Psychotherapy and, if necessary, changing medications.
|
|
|
describe premature ejaculation
|
Man reaching orgasm just prior to, or directly following, penetration.
30% of men reported experiencing PE in the last year. Psychological factors - anxiety, depression, drug and alcohol abuse, and personality disorders. |
|
|
how do you treat premature ejaculation
|
Squeeze Technique
Stop-Start Technique |
|
|
describe retarded ejaculation
lol not making this us |
A man may be entirely unable to reach orgasm during certain sexual activities or may only be able to ejaculate after prolonged stimulation (30-45 minutes).
Psychological factors - strict religious upbringing, unique or atypical masturbation patterns, or ambivalence over sexual orientation Physical factors - diseases, injuries, or medications. |
|
|
how do you treat retarded ejaculation
|
Psychotherapy is used to help work through issues.
Can be very difficult to treat. |
|
|
describe vaginismus
|
Involuntary contractions of the muscle that surrounds the entrance to the vagina
May be situation-specific Common in women who have been sexually abused or raped. |
|
|
how do you treat vaginismus
|
use of dilators
|
