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100 Cards in this Set
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Spatial relations and the body image will be damaged in the patient that has a lesion in:
– the dorsal medullar funiculi – the right premotor cortex – the right cerebellar hemisphere – the right parietal cortex |
Spatial relations and the body image will be damaged in the patient that has a lesion in:
– the dorsal medullar funiculi+ – the right premotor cortex – the right cerebellar hemisphere – the right parietal cortex+ |
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A person whose cortical EEG presents low voltage and high frequency (beta) waves is probably:
– dreaming – in REM sleep – in stage 2 (moderate deep) non–REM sleep – in a coma |
A person whose cortical EEG presents low voltage and high frequency (beta) waves is probably:
– dreaming+ – in REM sleep+ – in stage 2 (moderate deep) non–REM sleep – in a coma |
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What population of patients is predisposed to loss of consciousness:
– AIDS patients – patients with DM II – elderly patients – patients with cardiac insufficiency |
What population of patients is predisposed to loss of consciousness:
– AIDS patients – patients with DM II+ – elderly patients – patients with cardiac insufficiency+ |
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Conditions that often lead to a sudden loss of consciousness include:
– chronic renal failure – arrhythmias – cerebral ischemia – cerebellar hemorrhage |
Conditions that often lead to a sudden loss of consciousness include:
– chronic renal failure – arrhythmias+ – cerebral ischemia+ – cerebellar hemorrhage |
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Which of the following mechanisms participate in heat stroke development?
– blockage of blood flow to the brain – failure of mechanisms of temperature regulation – heat induced swelling of brain tissue – extreme constriction of all blood vessels |
Which of the following mechanisms participate in heat stroke development?
– blockage of blood flow to the brain – failure of mechanisms of temperature regulation+ – heat induced swelling of brain tissue+ – extreme constriction of all blood vessels |
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Which of the following conditions contribute to the acute heat loss:
– septic shock – alcohol intoxication – malnutrition – uremia |
Which of the following conditions contribute to the acute heat loss:
– septic shock+ – alcohol intoxication+ – malnutrition – uremia |
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A 60–year–old man develops a tremor in his fingers. The tremor is most pronounced when he reaches for his coffee cup or points to an object. Which of the following components of the motor system is most likely to be involved:
– basal ganglia – cerebellar hemisphere – fronto–ponto–cerebellar tract – thalamic nuclei |
A 60–year–old man develops a tremor in his fingers. The tremor is most pronounced when he reaches for his coffee cup or points to an object. Which of the following components of the motor system is most likely to be involved:
– basal ganglia – cerebellar hemisphere+ – fronto–ponto–cerebellar tract+ – thalamic nuclei |
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A 45–year–old man has abnormal circadian variation in body temperature, disruption of the sleep–wake cycle, and an impaired nocturnal surge of secretion of melatonin. The lesion can involve which of the following nuclei:
– preoptic – pretectal – suprachiasmatic thalamic – supraoptic |
A 45–year–old man has abnormal circadian variation in body temperature, disruption of the sleep–wake cycle, and an impaired nocturnal surge of secretion of melatonin. The lesion can involve which of the following nuclei:
– preoptic – pretectal – suprachiasmatic thalamic+ – supraoptic+ |
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Delayed relaxation of striated muscles following voluntary contraction due to hyperexcitability of muscle membrane is called:
– myotonia – myokymia – myopathy – paramyotonia |
Delayed relaxation of striated muscles following voluntary contraction due to hyperexcitability of muscle membrane is called:
– myotonia+ – myokymia – myopathy+ – paramyotonia |
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A 49–year–old man is taken to the emergency department because of neck pain that began after the car he was driving was hit in the rear by a pick–up truck. X–rays of the neck show no cervical fractures. A diagnosis of "whiplash" is made, and he is fitted with a neck brace. Several hours later he begins to have headaches and numbness in the scalp over the left occipital region. The cause is compression of which of the following structures:
– cervical spinal cord including the dorsal root – dorsal segment of the second cervical nerve root – cerebri media – left vertebral artery |
A 49–year–old man is taken to the emergency department because of neck pain that began after the car he was driving was hit in the rear by a pick–up truck. X–rays of the neck show no cervical fractures. A diagnosis of "whiplash" is made, and he is fitted with a neck brace. Several hours later he begins to have headaches and numbness in the scalp over the left occipital region. The cause is compression of which of the following structures:
– cervical spinal cord including the dorsal root+ – dorsal segment of the second cervical nerve root+ – cerebri media – left vertebral artery |
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A healthy 35–year–old woman has a cast removed from her leg after 6 weeks of immobilization. Which of the following characterizes her gastrocnemius muscle the best at this time:
– decrease in number of fast fibers – decrease in number of myofibrils – increase in number of mitochondria – numeric atrophy |
A healthy 35–year–old woman has a cast removed from her leg after 6 weeks of immobilization. Which of the following characterizes her gastrocnemius muscle the best at this time:
– decrease in number of fast fibers – decrease in number of myofibrils+ – increase in number of mitochondria – numeric atrophy+ |
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A 50–year–old man has had gradually progressive weakness of the hands during the past year. Physical examination shows atrophy of the forearm muscles, fasciculations of the muscles of the chest and upper extremities, and hyperreflexia of the lower extremities. Babinski sign is present bilaterally. Sensation is intact. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis:
– amyotrophic lateral sclerosis – lower motor neuron disease – Guillain–Barré syndrome – multiple sclerosis |
A 50–year–old man has had gradually progressive weakness of the hands during the past year. Physical examination shows atrophy of the forearm muscles, fasciculations of the muscles of the chest and upper extremities, and hyperreflexia of the lower extremities. Babinski sign is present bilaterally. Sensation is intact. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis:
– amyotrophic lateral sclerosis+ – lower motor neuron disease+ – Guillain–Barré syndrome – multiple sclerosis |
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A 16–year–old girl is brought to the emergency department after attempting suicide by cutting her wrist. The deepest part of the wound is between the tendons of the flexor carpi radialis and the flexor digitorum superficialis. This patient is most likely to have a deficit of which of the following:
– adduction and abduction of the fingers – ability of the thumb to stand up against other fingers – adduction of the thumb – opposition of the thumb |
A 16–year–old girl is brought to the emergency department after attempting suicide by cutting her wrist. The deepest part of the wound is between the tendons of the flexor carpi radialis and the flexor digitorum superficialis. This patient is most likely to have a deficit of which of the following:
– adduction and abduction of the fingers – ability of the thumb to stand up against other fingers+ – adduction of the thumb – opposition of the thumb+ |
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A healthy elderly person is most likely to show decreased auditory acuity for which of the following:
– high–frequency tones – low–frequency tones – tones of higher wave length – tones presented by air but not by bone conduction |
A healthy elderly person is most likely to show decreased auditory acuity for which of the following:
– high–frequency tones+ – low–frequency tones – tones of higher wave length+ – tones presented by air but not by bone conduction |
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A 72–year–old man collapses while playing golf. He has a 5–year history of angina pectoris and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Paramedics arrive in 10 minutes. Examination shows no respirations or blood pressure; an ECG shows no ventricular complexes. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is attempted for 10 minutes without success. Which of the following could be the cause of death in this patient:
– atrial fibrillation – severe ischemia of the myocardium – neurogenic syncope – ventricular fibrillation |
A 72–year–old man collapses while playing golf. He has a 5–year history of angina pectoris and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Paramedics arrive in 10 minutes. Examination shows no respirations or blood pressure; an ECG shows no ventricular complexes. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is attempted for 10 minutes without success. Which of the following could be the cause of death in this patient:
– atrial fibrillation – severe ischemia of the myocardium+ – neurogenic syncope – ventricular fibrillation+ |
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An infant is presented with severe growth retardation and bleeding tendencies. Upon further examination, you observe that plasma triglyceride levels are extremely low even after a meal. You suspect a defect in:
– bile acid production – pancreatic enzyme production – Rh incompatibility – hemophilia A |
An infant is presented with severe growth retardation and bleeding tendencies. Upon further examination, you observe that plasma triglyceride levels are extremely low even after a meal. You suspect a defect in:
– bile acid production+ – pancreatic enzyme production+ – Rh incompatibility – hemophilia A |
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The phenomenon of hypocalcemic tetany is most likely attributable to which of the following:
– a change of the function of the voltage dependant Ca2+ channels – a change of the function of the voltage dependant Na+ channels – a decrease in the permeability of axon terminals for Ca2+ ionts – hyperventilation |
The phenomenon of hypocalcemic tetany is most likely attributable to which of the following:
– a change of the function of the voltage dependant Ca2+ channels – a change of the function of the voltage dependant Na+ channels+ – a decrease in the permeability of axon terminals for Ca2+ ionts – hyperventilation+ |
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A toxin attacks a cell causing the cell’s membrane voltage to depolarize to near 0 mV. As a result, what will happen to cell volume:
– remain constant – increase – decrease – does not remain constant |
A toxin attacks a cell causing the cell’s membrane voltage to depolarize to near 0 mV. As a result, what will happen to cell volume:
– remain constant – increase+ – decrease – does not remain constant+ |
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A reduction in ACh esterase in the neuromuscular junction will cause:
– local muscarinic signs – local nicotinic signs – tremor, spasms and final paralysis – increase in muscle tone |
A reduction in ACh esterase in the neuromuscular junction will cause:
– local muscarinic signs – local nicotinic signs+ – tremor, spasms and final paralysis+ – increase in muscle tone |
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One action potential in a motor neuron of the motor unit evokes a number of action potentials in the appropriate skeletal muscle fibers. The effect is cased by:
– low and slow degradation of ACh – decreased number of ACh receptors – depletion of ACh esterase – decreased number of Ca2+ channels in the presynaptic terminal |
One action potential in a motor neuron of the motor unit evokes a number of action potentials in the appropriate skeletal muscle fibers. The effect is cased by:
– low and slow degradation of ACh+ – decreased number of ACh receptors – depletion of ACh esterase+ – decreased number of Ca2+ channels in the presynaptic terminal |
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Botulinum poisoning will result in which of the following changes at the neuromuscular junction:
– a block of Na+ entry to the postsynaptic nerve terminal – a block of Cl– entry to the postsynaptic nerve terminal – an increase in miniature end–plate potentials (MEPP) amplitude – a block of Ca2+ entry to the presynaptic nerve terminal |
Botulinum poisoning will result in which of the following changes at the neuromuscular junction:
– a block of Na+ entry to the postsynaptic nerve terminal – a block of Cl– entry to the postsynaptic nerve terminal – an increase in miniature end–plate potentials (MEPP) amplitude+ – a block of Ca2+ entry to the presynaptic nerve terminal+ |
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Curare poisoning will result in which of the following changes at the neuromuscular junction:
– a block of Na+ entry to the postsynaptic nerve terminal – a block of Cl– entry to the postsynaptic nerve terminal – a saturation of the ACh postsynaptic receptor – a block of Ca2+ entry to the presynaptic nerve terminal |
Curare poisoning will result in which of the following changes at the neuromuscular junction:
– a block of Na+ entry to the postsynaptic nerve terminal+ – a block of Cl– entry to the postsynaptic nerve terminal – a saturation of the ACh postsynaptic receptor+ – a block of Ca2+ entry to the presynaptic nerve terminal |
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An increase in the parasympathetic supply to the urinary bladder will result in:
– relaxation of all regions of smooth muscle within the bladder – contraction of the detrusor muscle – contraction of the external urethral sphincter – no influence of the tone of the internal urethral sphincter |
An increase in the parasympathetic supply to the urinary bladder will result in:
– relaxation of all regions of smooth muscle within the bladder – contraction of the detrusor muscle+ – contraction of the external urethral sphincter – no influence of the tone of the internal urethral sphincter+ |
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Which of the following drugs or toxins will result in skeletal muscle paralysis:
– curare – atropine – botulinum toxin – nicotine |
Which of the following drugs or toxins will result in skeletal muscle paralysis:
– curare+ – atropine – botulinum toxin+ – nicotine |
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An unconscious patient with a history of diabetes mellitus is brought into the emergency room with irregular breathing, a blood pressure of 110/60 mm Hg, a strong smell of acetone on his breath, and blood glucose of 15 mmol/l. A possible reasons for the patient’s state are the combination of the following:
– an IDDM (type I) and accidental injection of inappropriate dose of insulin with his last meal – an IDDM (type I) and erroneously used saline instead of insulin injections all day – a NIDDM (type II) and a high fat, low carbohydrate diet – a body building and misuse of anabolic steroids for body forming |
An unconscious patient with a history of diabetes mellitus is brought into the emergency room with irregular breathing, a blood pressure of 110/60 mm Hg, a strong smell of acetone on his breath, and blood glucose of 15 mmol/l. A possible reasons for the patient’s state are the combination of the following:
– an IDDM (type I) and accidental injection of inappropriate dose of insulin with his last meal – an IDDM (type I) and erroneously used saline instead of insulin injections all day+ – a NIDDM (type II) and a high fat, low carbohydrate diet – a body building and misuse of anabolic steroids for body forming+ |
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The inability to perform rapidly alternating movements is associated with lesions of the:
– parietal cortex – motor cortex – cerebellum – reticular formation |
The inability to perform rapidly alternating movements is associated with lesions of the:
– parietal cortex – motor cortex+ – cerebellum+ – reticular formation |
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Cerebellar lesions results in which of the following symptoms:
– hypotonia, ataxia and intention tremor – hypertonia, tremor in rest and ataxia – paresis, dysmetria and hyporeflexia – dysmetria, tremor and abasia |
Cerebellar lesions results in which of the following symptoms:
– hypotonia, ataxia and intention tremor+ – hypertonia, tremor in rest and ataxia – paresis, dysmetria and hyporeflexia – dysmetria, tremor and abasia+ |
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Which of the following statements concerning the lesion of the primary motor cortex are true:
– the lesion leads to loss of movement pattern generation – the lesion leads to loss of fine motor control – the lesion leads to loss of spatial relations and the body image detection – the lesion leads to loss of muscle tone modulation via projections to the pontine and medullary reticular formation |
Which of the following statements concerning the lesion of the primary motor cortex are true:
– the lesion leads to loss of movement pattern generation – the lesion leads to loss of fine motor control+ – the lesion leads to loss of spatial relations and the body image detection – the lesion leads to loss of muscle tone modulation via projections to the pontine and medullary reticular formation+ |
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Destruction of the substantia nigra, pars compacta, results in which of the following:
– increased stimulation of neurons in the globus pallidus externa – increased stimulation of the glutamatergic neurons in the thalamus – increased stimulation of the GABAergic neurons in the striatum – development of Parkinson’s syndrome |
Destruction of the substantia nigra, pars compacta, results in which of the following:
– increased stimulation of neurons in the globus pallidus externa – increased stimulation of the glutamatergic neurons in the thalamus – increased stimulation of the GABAergic neurons in the striatum+ – development of Parkinson’s syndrome+ |
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Increase in sympathetic outflow to the eye is responsible for:
– contraction of pupillary dilator muscles – relaxation of ciliary muscles – contraction of pupillary sphincter muscles – contraction of m. levator palpebrae |
Increase in sympathetic outflow to the eye is responsible for:
– contraction of pupillary dilator muscles+ – relaxation of ciliary muscles+ – contraction of pupillary sphincter muscles – contraction of m. levator palpebrae |
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The head trauma that completely destroys the pituitary stalk would most likely result in:
– hypocortisolemia – hypoprolactinemia – diabetes insipidus – diabetes mellitus |
The head trauma that completely destroys the pituitary stalk would most likely result in:
– hypocortisolemia+ – hypoprolactinemia – diabetes insipidus+ – diabetes mellitus |
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A patient suffered severe damage to several lumbar spinal nerves following a motorcycle accident. In addition to a number of sensory and motor deficits, this person experiences problems with normal function of urinary bladder. Which of the following contributes to the bladder dysfunction:
– disturbances in the ejection phase of bladder function – impaired control of internal sphincter muscles – impaired control of external sphincter muscles – stress incontinence |
A patient suffered severe damage to several lumbar spinal nerves following a motorcycle accident. In addition to a number of sensory and motor deficits, this person experiences problems with normal function of urinary bladder. Which of the following contributes to the bladder dysfunction:
– disturbances in the ejection phase of bladder function+ – impaired control of internal sphincter muscles+ – impaired control of external sphincter muscles – stress incontinence |
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A drug that blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors would interfere with the functions of:
– the sympathetic division of autonomic outflow – the parasympathetic division of autonomic outflow – salivatory glands – sweat glands |
A drug that blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors would interfere with the functions of:
– the sympathetic division of autonomic outflow – the parasympathetic division of autonomic outflow+ – salivatory glands+ – sweat glands |
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Which of the following symptoms would most likely be seen as a result of damage to the vagus nerve:
– weak, raspy voice – the weak palate deviation – impaired secretion of salivatory glands – impaired secretion of lacrimal gland |
Which of the following symptoms would most likely be seen as a result of damage to the vagus nerve:
– weak, raspy voice+ – the weak palate deviation+ – impaired secretion of salivatory glands – impaired secretion of lacrimal gland |
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Occlusion of the anterior spinal artery at the level of T4 would cause which of the following symptoms:
– paraparesis – hemiparesis – quadriparesis – bilateral paresis in the legs |
Occlusion of the anterior spinal artery at the level of T4 would cause which of the following symptoms:
– paraparesis+ – hemiparesis – quadriparesis – bilateral paresis in the legs+ |
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Traumatic disruption of spinal cord would present bellow the lesion with the following:
– immediate loss of muscle tone and reflexes – immediate loss of consciousness – loss of function of alpha–motoneurons after 1–2 months – increased activation of gamma–motoneurons after 1–2 months |
Traumatic disruption of spinal cord would present bellow the lesion with the following:
– immediate loss of muscle tone and reflexes+ – immediate loss of consciousness – loss of function of alpha–motoneurons after 1–2 months – increased activation of gamma–motoneurons after 1–2 months+ |
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Traumatic disruption of the spinal cord in the Th segment results in:
– numbness in the legs – loss of consciousness – malfunction of the bladder – dizziness |
Traumatic disruption of the spinal cord in the Th segment results in:
– numbness in the legs+ – loss of consciousness – malfunction of the bladder+ – dizziness |
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Traumatic disruption of the spinal cord in the Th segment results in:
– numbness in the legs – loss of consciousness – malfunction of the bladder – dizziness |
Traumatic disruption of the spinal cord in the Th segment results in:
– numbness in the legs+ – loss of consciousness – malfunction of the bladder+ – dizziness |
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Levels of which hormone will be increased after a traumatic event:
– ACTH – LH and FSH – ADH and aldosterone – growth hormone |
Levels of which hormone will be increased after a traumatic event:
– ACTH+ – LH and FSH – ADH and aldosterone+ – growth hormone |
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What is the correct sequence of the elevation of hormones’ levels after a traumatic event:
– adrenaline (epinephrine), cortisol – ACTH, cortisol – ACTH, POMC – cortisol, adrenaline (epinephrine) |
What is the correct sequence of the elevation of hormones’ levels after a traumatic event:
– adrenaline (epinephrine), cortisol+ – ACTH, cortisol+ – ACTH, POMC – cortisol, adrenaline (epinephrine) |
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Compartment syndrome:
– typically develops as a result of burring – typically develops as a result of bleeding to the third space – endangers the injured tissue by ischemia – leads to necrosis development, if untreated |
Compartment syndrome:
– typically develops as a result of burring – typically develops as a result of bleeding to the third space – endangers the injured tissue by ischemia+ – leads to necrosis development, if untreated+ |
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Which of the following symptoms would you expect to see in a patient who has had a long lasting lesion of the left hypoglossal nerve:
– when asked to stick the tongue straight out, the tongue deviates to the patient’s right – the tongue is atrophied on the left – there is increased tone on the left side of the tongue – there is increased tone on the right side of the tongue |
Which of the following symptoms would you expect to see in a patient who has had a long lasting lesion of the left hypoglossal nerve:
– when asked to stick the tongue straight out, the tongue deviates to the patient’s right+ – the tongue is atrophied on the left+ – there is increased tone on the left side of the tongue – there is increased tone on the right side of the tongue |
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Which of the following diseases are associated with the failure of excitation–contraction–relaxation cycle:
– Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy – myotonia – malignant hyperthermia – multiple sclerosis |
Which of the following diseases are associated with the failure of excitation–contraction–relaxation cycle:
– Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy – myotonia+ – malignant hyperthermia+ – multiple sclerosis |
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A 40–year–old man is brought to the emergency room in a coma. CT scan of the head demonstrates a subarachnoid hemorrhage without parenchymal hemorrhage. Which of the following could be the source of bleeding:
– arteria basilaris – bridging veins – rupture of circle of Willis aneurysm – subdural bleeding |
A 40–year–old man is brought to the emergency room in a coma. CT scan of the head demonstrates a subarachnoid hemorrhage without parenchymal hemorrhage. Which of the following could be the source of bleeding:
– arteria basilaris+ – bridging veins – rupture of circle of Willis aneurysm+ – subdural bleeding |
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During a boxing match, a contestant is "knocked out" by a blow from the lateral side of the skull. He recovers after a few minutes, and he is asymptomatic for the next 12 hours. Then he develops a severe headache, changes in mental status, nausea, and vomiting. Which of the following would be the diagnosis:
– basilar skull fracture – intracerebral hemorrhage – bridging veins hemorrhage – subdural hematoma |
During a boxing match, a contestant is "knocked out" by a blow from the lateral side of the skull. He recovers after a few minutes, and he is asymptomatic for the next 12 hours. Then he develops a severe headache, changes in mental status, nausea, and vomiting. Which of the following would be the diagnosis:
– basilar skull fracture – intracerebral hemorrhage – bridging veins hemorrhage+ – subdural hematoma+ |
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In attempting to introduce a catheter into the right internal jugular vein, a resident inadvertently damages the cervical sympathetic trunk in a patient. Which of the following findings are most likely to be seen in this patient as a result of the injury:
– constriction of the right pupil – exophthalmos in the right side – right eyelid ptosis – paralysis of the platysma muscle on the right side |
In attempting to introduce a catheter into the right internal jugular vein, a resident inadvertently damages the cervical sympathetic trunk in a patient. Which of the following findings are most likely to be seen in this patient as a result of the injury:
– constriction of the right pupil+ – exophthalmos in the right side – right eyelid ptosis+ – paralysis of the platysma muscle on the right side |
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Damage of the brain temporal lobe would lead to:
– the decrease of skeletal muscle motility – hearing loss – disruption of integration activity of the cerebral hemispheres – narrowing of the visual field |
Damage of the brain temporal lobe would lead to:
– the decrease of skeletal muscle motility – hearing loss+ – disruption of integration activity of the cerebral hemispheres – narrowing of the visual field+ |
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Which of the following acid base disturbances do you expect in septic shock:
– metabolic acidosis – metabolic alkalosis – mixed metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis – respiratory acidosis |
Which of the following acid base disturbances do you expect in septic shock:
– metabolic acidosis+ – metabolic alkalosis – mixed metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis+ – respiratory acidosis |
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What is the main stimulus for activation of the secondary injury process after trauma:
– ischemia – release of proteolytic enzymes from the damaged tissue – vasodilatation – increase temperature |
What is the main stimulus for activation of the secondary injury process after trauma:
– ischemia+ – release of proteolytic enzymes from the damaged tissue+ – vasodilatation – increase temperature |
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Secondary injury process:
– is activated by infection of the wound – can be decreased by removing of the damaged tissue – can be decreased by cooling of the damaged tissue – is terminated by the use of antibiotics |
Secondary injury process:
– is activated by infection of the wound – can be decreased by removing of the damaged tissue+ – can be decreased by cooling of the damaged tissue+ – is terminated by the use of antibiotics |
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Trauma activates:
– acute local inflammation – parasympathetic outflow – stress response – diuresis |
Trauma activates:
– acute local inflammation+ – parasympathetic outflow – stress response+ – diuresis |
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Trauma increases activity of which of the following:
– ACTH, cortisol, insulin – sympathetic autonomic system, epinephrine, ACTH, cortisol, T3 – sympathetic autonomic system, epinephrine, ACTH, cortisol – sympathetic autonomic system, ADH, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system |
Trauma increases activity of which of the following:
– ACTH, cortisol, insulin – sympathetic autonomic system, epinephrine, ACTH, cortisol, T3 – sympathetic autonomic system, epinephrine, ACTH, cortisol+ – sympathetic autonomic system, ADH, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system+ |
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Trauma decreases:
– diuresis – heart rate – brain perfusion – kidney perfusion |
Trauma decreases:
– diuresis+ – heart rate – brain perfusion – kidney perfusion+ |
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The typical metabolic process during trauma is:
– anabolism – catabolism – negative nitrogen balance – positive nitrogen balance |
The typical metabolic process during trauma is:
– anabolism – catabolism+ – negative nitrogen balance+ – positive nitrogen balance |
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Acute change of water balance during trauma is found predominantly in the compartment of:
– extracellular fluid – blood and interstitial fluid – intracellular fluid – transcellular fluid |
Acute change of water balance during trauma is found predominantly in the compartment of:
– extracellular fluid+ – blood and interstitial fluid+ – intracellular fluid – transcellular fluid |
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Diuresis after traumatic event is typically decreased due to:
– ACTH activation – kinin system activation – decrease kidney perfusion – activation of both aldosterone and ADH |
Diuresis after traumatic event is typically decreased due to:
– ACTH activation – kinin system activation – decrease kidney perfusion+ – activation of both aldosterone and ADH+ |
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The sympathetic nervous system is stimulated during trauma by:
– pain – hyperglycemia – hypovolemia – hyponatremia |
The sympathetic nervous system is stimulated during trauma by:
– pain+ – hyperglycemia – hypovolemia+ – hyponatremia |
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Sympathetic activity in trauma stimulates an increase in:
– heart rate – blood glucose level – blood oxygen amount – diuresis |
Sympathetic activity in trauma stimulates an increase in:
– heart rate+ – blood glucose level+ – blood oxygen amount – diuresis |
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What are the findings of traumatic patient blood test:
– increase in blood glucose level – higher increase in urea than in creatinine level – higher increase in creatinine than in urea level – increase in blood sodium level |
What are the findings of traumatic patient blood test:
– increase in blood glucose level+ – higher increase in urea than in creatinine level+ – higher increase in creatinine than in urea level – increase in blood sodium level |
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Compartment syndrome is typical after hemorrhage in:
– muscles coated by tight fascia – brain cysts – lungs – parts of body surrounded by solid cover |
Compartment syndrome is typical after hemorrhage in:
– muscles coated by tight fascia+ – brain cysts – lungs – parts of body surrounded by solid cover+ |
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Hypoxemia occurs in traumatic pneumothorax as a result of:
– change of V/Q ratio – decrease level of hemoglobin – hypoxic hypoxia – stagnant hypoxia |
Hypoxemia occurs in traumatic pneumothorax as a result of:
– change of V/Q ratio+ – decrease level of hemoglobin – hypoxic hypoxia+ – stagnant hypoxia |
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Crush syndrome can induce renal failure because:
– renal perfusion is low – there is a lot of free hemoglobin in plasma that is filtrated to kidney tubules – there is a lot of free myoglobin in plasma that is filtrated to kidney tubules – renal tubules are damaged |
Crush syndrome can induce renal failure because:
– renal perfusion is low – there is a lot of free hemoglobin in plasma that is filtrated to kidney tubules – there is a lot of free myoglobin in plasma that is filtrated to kidney tubules+ – renal tubules are damaged+ |
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DIC could be a complication of:
– fetal fluid embolism – epilepsy – hypoglycemic states – severe shock state |
DIC could be a complication of:
– fetal fluid embolism+ – epilepsy – hypoglycemic states – severe shock state+ |
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The patient that is suffering from hypoglycemic shock will be presented by:
– pale, cold and moist skin – miosis – irregular and weak breathing – mydriasis |
The patient that is suffering from hypoglycemic shock will be presented by:
– pale, cold and moist skin+ – miosis – irregular and weak breathing – mydriasis+ |
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What signs would you expect in the patient that is suffering from neurogenic shock:
– movement disturbances – high heart rate – low blood pressure – loss of proprioception |
What signs would you expect in the patient that is suffering from neurogenic shock:
– movement disturbances – high heart rate+ – low blood pressure+ – loss of proprioception |
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Which of the following will be present in the patient with spinal shock syndrome:
– movement impairment – high heart rate – low blood pressure – loss of proprioception |
Which of the following will be present in the patient with spinal shock syndrome:
– movement impairment+ – high heart rate – low blood pressure – loss of proprioception+ |
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Secondary mechanisms of injury do not include:
– electrical current injury – inflammation – hypothermia – enzymatic injury |
Secondary mechanisms of injury do not include:
– electrical current injury+ – inflammation – hypothermia+ – enzymatic injury |
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Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS):
– is developed immediately after the traumatic event – development is induced by an inadequate reaction of endothelium – very often is developed secondary to the septic shock – patient is not in the risk of death |
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS):
– is developed immediately after the traumatic event – development is induced by an inadequate reaction of endothelium+ – very often is developed secondary to the septic shock+ – patient is not in the risk of death |
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Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS):
– is developed in patients with infectious lesion – occurred easily in dehydrated patients – there is increased level of interleukins in blood – there is decrease level of interleukins in blood |
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS):
– is developed in patients with infectious lesion – occurred easily in dehydrated patients+ – there is increased level of interleukins in blood+ – there is decrease level of interleukins in blood |
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During hypovolemic shock:
– stress response is activated – muscle vasodilatation is present – patient is hyperventilating – patient could have hypoglycemia |
During hypovolemic shock:
– stress response is activated+ – muscle vasodilatation is present – patient is hyperventilating+ – patient could have hypoglycemia |
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Which population of patients is predisposed to hypovolemic shock:
– elderly patients – patients in pubescence – middle aged persons – infants |
Which population of patients is predisposed to hypovolemic shock:
– elderly patients+ – patients in pubescence – middle aged persons – infants+ |
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The patient with burns is in the risk of:
– hypovolemic shock – hypernatremia – edemas due to low oncotic pressure – arrhythmias due to hypercalcemia |
The patient with burns is in the risk of:
– hypovolemic shock+ – hypernatremia – edemas due to low oncotic pressure+ – arrhythmias due to hypercalcemia |
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Hypovolemic shock differs from and cardiogenic shock by the following:
– the level of blood pressure in arteries – the heart rate – the central venous pressure – the jugular veins distension |
Hypovolemic shock differs from and cardiogenic shock by the following:
– the level of blood pressure in arteries – the heart rate – the central venous pressure+ – the jugular veins distension+ |
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Secondary injury mechanisms:
– their interruption can decrease the tissue damage – are the compensatory mechanisms limiting the tissue damage – are similar in all types of tissues – start developing few hours after injury |
Secondary injury mechanisms:
– their interruption can decrease the tissue damage+ – are the compensatory mechanisms limiting the tissue damage – are similar in all types of tissues+ – start developing few hours after injury |
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The patient with crushed leg can be in the risk of cardiac failure due to:
– tachycardia – hypernatremia – hypercalcemia – hyperkalemia |
The patient with crushed leg can be in the risk of cardiac failure due to:
– tachycardia+ – hypernatremia – hypercalcemia – hyperkalemia+ |
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During the severe injury the pain sensation could be blocked physiologically by:
– acid tissue metabolites – brain endorphins – histamine – cleavage products of proopiomelanocortin |
During the severe injury the pain sensation could be blocked physiologically by:
– acid tissue metabolites – brain endorphins+ – histamine – cleavage products of proopiomelanocortin+ |
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Hypovolemic shock is induced by the blood loss:
– higher than 20–30 % of the total blood volume – 0.3–0.5 l of blood – lower than 1/10 of the total blood volume – 1 liter of blood |
Hypovolemic shock is induced by the blood loss:
– higher than 20–30 % of the total blood volume+ – 0.3–0.5 l of blood – lower than 1/10 of the total blood volume – 1 liter of blood+ |
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Wounds penetrating to the chest could result in:
– tracheal lesion – urinary bladder lesion – ureter dissection – pneumothorax |
Wounds penetrating to the chest could result in:
– tracheal lesion+ – urinary bladder lesion – ureter dissection – pneumothorax+ |
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Contaminated wounds would rarely be accompanied by:
– suppuration – induction of tuberculosis – sepsis development – healing “per primam intencionem“, i.e. “without complications“ |
Contaminated wounds would rarely be accompanied by:
– suppuration – induction of tuberculosis+ – sepsis development – healing “per primam intencionem“, i.e. “without complications“+ |
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Blast syndrome:
– is the same as crush syndrome – could be due to the burring in the mines – is due to the high pressure wave during the explosion – primarily affects organs containing air |
Blast syndrome:
– is the same as crush syndrome – could be due to the burring in the mines – is due to the high pressure wave during the explosion+ – primarily affects organs containing air+ |
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Crush syndrome:
– is the same as blast syndrome – is one of the cause of renal failure – is characterized by tympanic and lung injury – is connected with vessel wall injury |
Crush syndrome:
– is the same as blast syndrome – is one of the cause of renal failure+ – is characterized by tympanic and lung injury – is connected with vessel wall injury+ |
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The severity of burns is evaluated by:
– the depth of burns only – the area of the damaged skin surface – also the depth of burns – the body fluid loss |
The severity of burns is evaluated by:
– the depth of burns only – the area of the damaged skin surface+ – also the depth of burns+ – the body fluid loss |
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Vasodilatation during the inflammation is induced by:
– nitric oxide – heparin – interleukin 1 (IL–1) – decrresed partial pressure of oxygen at the site of inflammation |
Vasodilatation during the inflammation is induced by:
– nitric oxide+ – heparin – interleukin 1 (IL–1) – decrresed partial pressure of oxygen at the site of inflammation+ |
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Edema occurring in inflammation is manly effect of:
– increase capillary permeability – increase of the circulatory blood volume – endothelial reaction – blockade of the lymphatic drainage |
Edema occurring in inflammation is manly effect of:
– increase capillary permeability+ – increase of the circulatory blood volume – endothelial reaction+ – blockade of the lymphatic drainage |
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Pain (dolor) as one of the inflammatory sign:
– is induced by the pressure of local edema on free nerve endings – occurs as an effect of bradykinin production – is a compensatory mechanism activated by injury – is a secondary mechanism activated by injury |
Pain (dolor) as one of the inflammatory sign:
– is induced by the pressure of local edema on free nerve endings+ – occurs as an effect of bradykinin production+ – is a compensatory mechanism activated by injury – is a secondary mechanism activated by injury |
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If the patient loses 25% of his blood volume, increase in which of the following items will occur:
– cardiac output – heart rate – total peripheral resistance – muscle perfusion |
If the patient loses 25% of his blood volume, increase in which of the following items will occur:
– cardiac output – heart rate+ – total peripheral resistance+ – muscle perfusion |
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In the compensated stage of shock:
– blood pressure decreases – heart rate increases – urine excretion increases – total peripheral resistance of vessels increases |
In the compensated stage of shock:
– blood pressure decreases – heart rate increases+ – urine excretion increases – total peripheral resistance of vessels increases+ |
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In the decompensated stage of shock:
– blood pressure decreases – cardiac output increases – total peripheral resistance of vessels decreases – morphological tissue damage is present |
In the decompensated stage of shock:
– blood pressure decreases+ – cardiac output increases – total peripheral resistance of vessels decreases+ – morphological tissue damage is present |
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Which of the following changes are typical for patient with the loss of the 10% of the intravascular blood volume:
– shock – orthostatic hypotension – cold sweaty skin – increase in heart rate |
Which of the following changes are typical for patient with the loss of the 10% of the intravascular blood volume:
– shock – orthostatic hypotension+ – cold sweaty skin – increase in heart rate+ |
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The group of distributive shocks includes:
– hypovolemic shock – cardiogenic shock – neurogenic shock – septic shock |
The group of distributive shocks includes:
– hypovolemic shock – cardiogenic shock – neurogenic shock+ – septic shock+ |
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The body compensates for a low circulatory volume by:
– increasing heart rate – increasing respiratory rate – decreasing blood pressure – peripheral vasoconstriction |
The body compensates for a low circulatory volume by:
– increasing heart rate+ – increasing respiratory rate – decreasing blood pressure – peripheral vasoconstriction+ |
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The hyperdynamic phase of septic shock is associated with:
– decreased cardiac output and increased systemic vascular resistance – increased cardiac output and decreased systemic vascular resistance – warm, moist skin – vasodilation |
The hyperdynamic phase of septic shock is associated with:
– decreased cardiac output and increased systemic vascular resistance – increased cardiac output and decreased systemic vascular resistance+ – warm, moist skin – vasodilation+ |
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Manifestations of neurogenic shock are:
– occurrence of bradycardia – increased venous return – vasoconstriction in the gastrointestinal tract – loss of vasomotor tone |
Manifestations of neurogenic shock are:
– occurrence of bradycardia+ – increased venous return – vasoconstriction in the gastrointestinal tract – loss of vasomotor tone+ |
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In the early stages of shock, blood is shunted toward the:
– brain – skin – muscle – heart |
In the early stages of shock, blood is shunted toward the:
– brain+ – skin – muscle – heart+ |
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Activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in shock causes:
– vasoconstriction – vasodilation – sodium shifts – sodium and water retention |
Activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in shock causes:
– vasoconstriction+ – vasodilation – sodium shifts – sodium and water retention+ |
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In compensated hypovolemic shock:
– lactic acidosis is present – vegetative nervous system ensures maintenance of blood pressure – vegetative nervous system ensures increases cardiac output – arteriolar vasoconstriction result in decreased perfusion of the kidneys |
In compensated hypovolemic shock:
– lactic acidosis is present – vegetative nervous system ensures maintenance of blood pressure+ – vegetative nervous system ensures increases cardiac output – arteriolar vasoconstriction result in decreased perfusion of the kidneys+ |
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In decompensated shock:
– lactic acidosis is present – vegetative nervous system ensures maintenance of blood pressure – vegetative nervous system ensures maintenance of cardiac output – arteriolar vasoconstriction results in decreased perfusion of the kidneys |
In decompensated shock:
– lactic acidosis is present+ – vegetative nervous system ensures maintenance of blood pressure – vegetative nervous system ensures maintenance of cardiac output – arteriolar vasoconstriction results in decreased perfusion of the kidneys+ |
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In decompensated shock:
– blood pressure decreases due to vasoconstriction – blood pressure decreases due to vessel paralysis – tissue edema develops due to increased intracapillary pressure – hypoxemia may develop |
In decompensated shock:
– blood pressure decreases due to vasoconstriction – blood pressure decreases due to vessel paralysis+ – tissue edema develops due to increased intracapillary pressure+ – hypoxemia may develop |
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ARDS:
– is associated with massive exudative lung edema – is the clinical manifestation of “shock lung” – is the same as “shock kidney” – causes hypocapnia |
ARDS:
– is associated with massive exudative lung edema+ – is the clinical manifestation of “shock lung”+ – is the same as “shock kidney” – causes hypocapnia |
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The general metabolic changes caused by an injury are:
– hypocapnia – hyperglycemia – respiratory acidosis – hypernatremia |
The general metabolic changes caused by an injury are:
– hypocapnia+ – hyperglycemia+ – respiratory acidosis – hypernatremia |
