Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Gen water
|
- most important nutrient
- greatest % of animal's body - compromised health and death without |
|
|
body water content
|
- fat- free mass: 73% water with range 70-75%
- increased after birth or hatching - adipose tissue has less water - decreased hydration with age, related to increased fat |
|
|
diarrhea
|
- greatest killer disease of neonates
- abnormally frequent discharge of semisolid or fluid fecal matter from the bowel - loss of water and electrolytes compromises health and performance - cause by bacteria, viruses and some toxins |
|
|
dehydration
|
- reduction in water content or deprivation of water
- compromises performance |
|
|
fx of water
|
- solvent: important for all enz reactions, urine
- homeothermy: most dom animals, due to high sp heat, thermal conductivity and heat of vaporization |
|
|
water abs from GIT
|
- absorbed easily in most regions, esp LI and jejunum
- human GIT: 10L/day - amount varied among spp: kangaroo rate has very dry feces ~10% water vs dairy cow with wet feces |
|
|
water metabolism
|
- metabolic water: produced in cells by oxidation of hydrocarbons in order to generate E (at end of ET and OxPhos)
- water turnover: about 3.5 day HL (fast) - plasma pool turns over readily: 9% BW is blood volume - water storage and [] differs among animals |
|
|
water losses
|
1. urination
2. expiration 3. defecation 4. perspiration |
|
|
water sources
|
1. drinking wataer : 90% of water needs
2. water in food: quite variable 3. metabolic water 4. water generated as a product of other metabolic reactions |
|
|
reccommended water intakes L/ day
|
reccommended intake (L/day):
1. beef: 22- 66 2. dairy: 38-110 3. sheep and goats: 4-15 4. horses: 30-45 5. swine: 11-19 6. chicken: 0.2-0.4 7. turkey: 0.4-0.6 |
|
|
gen water guidelines (kg/ kg feed)
|
gen guidelines (kg water/ kg feed):
1. cattle: 4 2. swine: 2-2.5 3. sheep, horses, poultry: 2-3 - all spp: increased ratio during pregnancy, lactation or heat stress |
|
|
E uses
|
E uses:
1. make ATP 2. gen heat 3. tissue/ product synthesis |
|
|
E in animal tissues
|
E in animal tissues:
1. blood: glucose 2. liver: glycogen 3. adipose tissue: triglycerides 4. skeletal m |
|
|
physiological fuel values
|
physiological fuel values/ atwater factors:
1. carbs, protein: 4 kcal/g 2. fats: 9kcal/g |
|
|
glucose eqn
|
glucose eqn:
glucose + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP |
|
|
calorie system
|
calorie system
1. gross E (GE): E in food - fecal E 2. digestible E (DE): E that stays in animal -urinary and methane E 3. metabolizable E (ME): E after feces, urine and methane removed - total heat increment: fermentation and metabolism 4. net E (NE): includes production and maint |
|
|
maintenence fx
|
maintenence fx:
1. cardiac m contraction 2. respiration 3. homeothermy 4. cell turnover 5. detoxification of waste products and basal metabolism |
|
|
productive fx
|
productive fx:
1. growth 2. egg laying: huge nutrient cost 3. work 4. pregnancy 5. lactation |
|
|
growth
|
growth:
- increase in lean body mass - hyperplasia: inc cell number - hypertrophy: inc cell size - most rapid early in life: nutrient requirements and dry matter consumption/ unit body weight higher in younger animals - |
|
|
work
|
work:
- voluntary muscular activity of an animal - racing, draught, grazing |
|
|
pregnancy/ lactation
|
1. pregnancy: final 1/3 gestation significant nutrient cost for most mammals
- pregnancy toxemia 2. lactation: physiological state which generally imposes the greatest nutrient demands - ketosis |
|
|
diff in E efficiency among spp
|
diff in E efficiency among spp:
1. type of diet 2. chem nature of absorbed nutrients 3. location of fermentation vs absorption in gut |
|
|
diff in E efficiency within sp
|
diff in E efficiency within sp:
1. rate of passage 2. prior nutritional history 3. physical activity 4. environment |
|
|
merit of E systems used
|
merit of E systems used:
best: NE> ME> DE> GE> no info - focus on used of ME, DE and PFVs - NE common in dairy, beef - PFVs: physiological fuel values, kcal/g macronutrient |
|
|
input vs output
|
- E balance: E in- E out
-output: work, heat, milk, feces, urine 1. weight gain: input> output, + E balance 2. weight loss: input< output, -E balance |
