2 Nut: Minerals

Front 1

40 minerals

Back 1

40 minerals:
- non-essential
- essential (17-22):
1. macro: % level in diet
2. trace: ppm in diet

Front 2

R vs NR

Back 2

- R: dependent upon pasture, most feed local, systems often depend upon grazing
- NR: purchased feeds from different soil types

Front 3

macroelements gen

Back 3

macroelements:
- 98% of minerals in body
- mg % level in blood, % level in diet
1. Ca
2. P
3. Na
4. Cl
5. K
6. Mg
7. S

Front 4

macroelement fx

Back 4

macroelement fx:
1. structural:
- bone: 99% of Ca and 75-80% of P
2. E met: P of ATP
3. homeostasis: ionic balance, osmotic P, pH buffering
4. muscles, nerves: K, Na, Mg, Ca
5. micronutrient fx: cofactors for enzymes, Ca for blood clotting
6. production: milk, eggs

Front 5

Ca absorption

Back 5

Ca absorption:
- Vit D dependent
- dependent upon solubility and CaBP in enterocyte
- adapts to physiological needs
- efficiency low: 40-50%, high 70%
- active in SI, passive in LI
- independent of P absorption

Front 6

Ca metabolism

Back 6

Ca metabolism:
- blood 9-10 mg%
- bone 50:50 apetite: organic
- apetite: Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
- excretion through SI and kidneys

Front 7

Ca homeostasis

Back 7

Ca homeostasis:
- primarily at level of ionic Ca in blood
- inc serum: calcitonin, Ca deposition
- dec serum: PTH release:
1. more resorption
2. stim formation of 1,25 DHCC (dihydroxycalciferol)
3. enhances Ca retention in kidneys
4. inc P excretion from kidneys

Front 8

Ca deficiency

Back 8

Ca deficiency:
1. poor growth
2. tetany
3. bone dz
4. repro failure
5. impaired production

Front 9

chronic Ca excess

Back 9

chronic Ca excess:
1. Ca soaps in GIT: dec fat abs
2. calcinosis: excessive bone calcification, soft tissues
3. parathyroid supression
4. inhibition of trace element abs

Front 10

milk fever (parturient paresis)

Back 10

milk fever (parturient paresis):
- low serum Ca
- common in dairy cows, esp older and Jerseys
- lethargy, anorexia, eventually falling and paresis
- tx: Ca gluconate IV, udder inflation to slow Ca uptake by udder

Front 11

prevention of milk fever (parturient paresis)

Back 11

prevention of milk fever (parturient paresis):
1. inj Vit D3 3-8 days before calving
2. low dietary Ca during dry period
3. dietary anionic salt (NH4Cl) in late pregnancy to enhance Ca abs

Front 12

Ca requirements

Back 12

Ca requirements:
1. NR: 0.4-3.5%, laying hen very high
2. R: 0.15-0.6%
- sources: limestone, oyster shells

Front 13

P absorption

Back 13

P absorption:
- Vit D dependent
- Ca independent
- 30-40% efficiency
- Phytate-P: not available to NR, R use bacterial phytase
- Phytase products for swine and poultry: make dietary P better available, reduce P excretion into manure

Front 14

P metabolism

Back 14

P metabolism:
- PO4 in blood
- regulated 4-9 mg%
- excreted from kidney

Front 15

P deficiency

Back 15

P deficiency:
1. poor growth rate
2. rickets
3. pica

Front 16

dietary P

Back 16

dietary P:
- NR: 0.3-0.6%
- R 0.15-0.5%
1. plants: phytate, low availability
2. animal sources: meat and bone meal
3. supplement: dicalcium P

Front 17

electrolytes abs

Back 17

electrolytes abs:
- readily abs as ions
- very available, distributed in body water

Front 18

electrolytes met and fx

Back 18

electrolytes met and fx:
- ECF: Na, Cl
- ICF: K
- fluid balance
- excreted primarily in urine: high intake increases urine volume and excretion rate

Front 19

electrolyte deficiency

Back 19

electrolyte deficiency:
1. poor growth
2. dehydration
3. lethargy
4. eggshell formation problems
5. impaired cartilage growth
6. inc incidence of milk fever?

Front 20

electrolyte req

Back 20

electrolyte req:
1. K: 0.3-0.8%
2. Na: 0.12-0.18%
3. Cl: 0.13-0.15%

Front 21

Mg abs

Back 21

Mg abs:
- not well understood
- not efficient: used as laxative

Front 22

Mg met

Back 22

Mg met:
- ion in blood, excreted in urine
- cofactor action: most enzymes associated with ATP utilization
- fx in nerves, muscles, other tissues

Front 23

Sulfur abs

Back 23

Sulfur abs:
- primarly as cys and met
- sulfate can also be abs

Front 24

Sulfur Met

Back 24

Sulfur met:
1. NR: sulfur aa's abs, delivered to tissues, and catabolized--> release of some free sulfate
2. R: rumen bugs incorporate sulfate into bacterially synthesized met and cys
- post abs same in R and NR
- excreted via urine

Front 25

Sulfur deficiency

Back 25

Sulfur deficiency:
- none specific
- like aa def in NR

Front 26

Sulfate req

Back 26

Sulfate req:
1. NR: same as req S aa's: need of tissues met by degradation
2. R: 0.18%S
- typical corn silage 0.05-0.10% so add Na2SO4

Front 27

Buffers

Back 27

Buffers:
- NaHCO3, MgO, CaCO3
- effective at 1.25% DM
1. laying hens: variable response, may prevent hot weather thinning of shells
2. early lactation dairy: inc FI, milk fat test, dec stress associated with conversion to high grain diet

Front 28

Sulfur abs

Back 28

Sulfur abs:
- primarly as cys and met
- sulfate can also be abs

Front 29

Sulfur Met

Back 29

Sulfur met:
1. NR: sulfur aa's abs, delivered to tissues, and catabolized--> release of some free sulfate
2. R: rumen bugs incorporate sulfate into bacterially synthesized met and cys
- post abs same in R and NR
- excreted via urine

Front 30

Sulfur deficiency

Back 30

Sulfur deficiency:
- none specific
- like aa def in NR

Front 31

Sulfate req

Back 31

Sulfate req:
1. NR: same as req S aa's: need of tissues met by degradation
2. R: 0.18%S
- typical corn silage 0.05-0.10% so add Na2SO4

Front 32

Buffers

Back 32

Buffers:
- NaHCO3, MgO, CaCO3
- effective at 1.25% DM
1. laying hens: variable response, may prevent hot weather thinning of shells
2. early lactation dairy: inc FI, milk fat test, dec stress associated with conversion to high grain diet

Front 33

Se abs

Back 33

Se abs:
1. inorganic: well abs
2. organic: poorly abs

Front 34

Se met

Back 34

Se met:
- goes to all tissues, no special role of liver
- excreted in urine
- toxic levels: excreted by lungs, volatile

Front 35

Se fx

Back 35

Se fx:
- glutathoine peroxidase: antioxidation rxns, destroys free radicals
- Vit E prevents free radical formation
- immunity
- redox rxns

Front 36

Se deficiency

Back 36

Se deficiency:
- freq on soil <0.1 ppm
- low Se and Vit E: mem (USFA) oxidation
- if either Vit E or Se low, other can prevent oxidation
1. <0.04mg/kg: poor growth, pancreatic degeneration regardless of Vit E status
2. 0.04-0.10 mg/kg:
- w/ low Vit E: white m disease (lambs), exudative diathesis (chicks), liver necrosis (swine)

Front 37

Se nutrition

Back 37

Se nutrition:
- NR: 0.1-0.3 mg/kg req
- R: 0.1-0.3 mg/kg req
- diets: 0.01-10 mg/kg diets

Front 38

Cr abs

Back 38

Cr abs:
+3 best abs
- organic form: glucose tolerance factor (GTF), contains gly, glu, cys

Front 39

Cr met, fx

Back 39

Cr met, fx:
- GTF: cell response to insulin (inc glc uptake, dec BG)
- Cr soluble, excreted in urine

Front 40

Cr deficiency

Back 40

Cr deficiency:
1. dec glc tolerance
2. impaired E met
3. inc serum cholesterol

Front 41

Cr nutrition

Back 41

Cr nutrition:
- not well defined
- Cr def only observed in rats and humans
- brewer's yeast: rich source

Front 42

correcting trace mineral def

Back 42

correcting trace mineral def:
- trace mineral premix
- trace mineralized salt
- Co capsule in rumen: slow release