2 Nut: Applied

Front 1

photosynthesis

Back 1

photosynthesis:
6CO2 + 6H2O + 673kcal --> glc + 6H2O

Front 2

respiration

Back 2

respiration:
glc + 6O2--> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP

Front 3

true stomach end products

Back 3

true stomach end products:
1. met E : Kcal from carbs
2. aa's
3. fa's and glycerol

Front 4

classes of animal feeds

Back 4

classes of animal feeds:
1. roughages
2. concentrates
3. succulents

Front 5

roughages

Back 5

roughages:
- bulky, high CF >18%
- primary feed for herbivores
1. pasture
2. hay
3. straw

Front 6

stage of maturity of roughage

Back 6

stage of maturity of roughage:
- digestibility of DM dec as plant matures, esp grasses:
1. inc cell wall contents: cellulose, lignin
2. dec cell contents: CP
- best at flowering stage

Front 7

soil fertility and roughage

Back 7

soil fertility and roughage:
- determines productivity and quality of pastures
- rangelands: leaching, shallow alkaline soils= low fertility
- grass/legume pasture: legumes fix N in soil which grass then take advantage of

Front 8

grasses

Back 8

grasses:
- Gramminae: 6,000 spp
- high quality starch and cellulose
- low CP
1. buffel
2. guinea
3. rhodes
4. elephant

Front 9

legumes

Back 9

legumes:
- Leguminosae: >14,000 spp
- good quality protein
- minerals: Ca, Mg, S
1. alfalfa
2. lupines
3. vetches

Front 10

forage conservation

Back 10

forage conservation:
1. silage: anaerobic fermentation
2. hay: moisture low, dry geen materialsc

Front 11

concentrates

Back 11

concentrates:
- supplies macronutrients at high conc
- contains (low) CF <18%, low moisture
- high in N-free extracts (NFE) and total digestible nutrients (TDN)

Front 12

protein-rich concentrates

Back 12

protein-rich concentrates:
1. plant
2. animal
3. non-protein N feedstuffs
4. single cell proteins

Front 13

plant protein concentrates

Back 13

plant protein concentrate:
- byproducts of oil production
1. soybean meal
2. cottonseed cake
3. sunflower cake
4. ground nut cake
5. coconut or copra cake
6. peas meal

Front 14

soybean meal

Back 14

soybean meal:
- whole soybeans: 15-21% oil
- 35% CP, 18% fat, 5% CF
- sub-optimal: cys and met
- poor B vit
- swine ration: 250 kg/ ton

Front 15

soybean meal toxins

Back 15

soybean meal toxins:
- stimulatory and inhibitory substances: allegenics, goitrogenic and anti-coagulant factors
- trypsin inhibitors: raw or non-heated treated, growth retardant, no threat to R
- trypsin inhibitor inactivation: 100C for 3 min

Front 16

cottonseed cake

Back 16

cottonseed cake:
- good quality P but low cys, met, lys
- Ca:P high 1:6, deficiency
- good thiamine, poor carotene
- gossypol: 0.03-2g/ kg DM
- swine ration: 5-10%

Front 17

gossypol toxicity

Back 17

gossypol toxicity:
- cottonseed yellow pigment, antioxidant
- toxic to young monogastrics, fine in R
- pigs, poultry ration < 100g free gossypol/ kg
1. anorexia
2. weight loss
3. dyspnea
4. cardia irregularity

Front 18

sunflower cake

Back 18

sunflower cake:
- CF 42%
- met 2x soybean, lys low
1. cattle: 250 kg/ ton
2. sheep: 150 kg/ ton
3. growing pigs: 250kg/ ton
4. finishing pigs: 50kg/ton
5. sows: 100kg/ ton

Front 19

ground nut cake

Back 19

ground nut cake:
- CP 250-300g/kg DM
- fat 350-600g/kg DM
- low cys, met, vit B12 and Ca
- ration <= 25% diet
- anti-trypsin

Front 20

coconut/ copra cake

Back 20

coconut/ copra cake:
- oil 25-65 g/kg DM
- rancidifies easily
- low lys, his
- CF 120g/kg DM: not for NR
- swine ration <= 25kg/ton
- supplement with animal protein for aa balance

Front 21

peas meal

Back 21

peas meal:
- similar to bean meal
- CP low 250g/kg DM
- CF < 60g/kg DM
- high lys, cys, met
- E 13.4MJ/ kg DM
- R ration <= 400kg/ ton feed