-2- Micro Lecture

Front 1

Carolus (Carl) Linnaeus

Back 1

Binomial nomenclature
Every organism given a double name
Scientific name
1st name - genus
2nd name- specific epithet (species)
Capitalize genus only.
Both are underlined and italicized.

Front 2

genus

Back 2

nomenclature
1st name

Front 3

specific epithet

Back 3

2nd name
nomenclature

Front 4

Microbial Ecology

Back 4

The study of the relationship btwn microorganisms and the environment.

Front 5

Manine and Aquatic Microbiology

Back 5

Sewage Treatment and food chains

Front 6

Agricultural and Soil Microbiology

Back 6

Plant pathology, Carbon and Nitrogen cycles, Microbial insecticides.

Front 7

Bioremediation

Back 7

Using microbes to clean up pollutants.

Front 8

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Back 8

Spoilage prevention (pickling, canning; packaging)
Food production: cheeses, yogurt, bread, beer, and wine.

Front 9

Biotechnology/Genetic Engineering

Back 9

(recombinant DNA)
Production of human proteins, genetic vaccines, and transgenic species (GMOS)

Front 10

Medical Microbiology

Back 10

Pathology (Etiology and Pathogenesis), Epideniology, and Immunology.

Front 11

Zaccharias Janssen

Back 11

Invention of the compound microscope.

Front 12

Galileo Galilei

Back 12

Improved on and popularized the compound microscope.

Front 13

Robert Hooke

Back 13

Improved the resolution and illumination (200x)
Published "Micrographia" (scientific illustrations and descriptions of minute organisms).
Slice of cork: made up of cella (Lat. for small room).
Beginning of "cell theory"... developed by Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
"all living things are composed of cells"

Front 14

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Back 14

Ground and mounted his own lenses (200-300x)
Submitted a series of letters and drawings to the Royal Society.
First description of protozoa and bacteria "Animalcules"

1st one to see actual microbes

Front 15

Spontaneous generation/ Abiogenesis

Back 15

The belief that life could arise spontaneously from non-living matter.

Front 16

Aristotle

Back 16

"vital force" in matter.

Front 17

Van Helmont

Back 17

Recipe for the manufacture of mice.

Front 18

Francesco Redi

Back 18

Demonstrated that maggots do not arise spontaneously from decaying meat.
Sealed jars filled with meat - no maggots of flies
Open gars filled with meat - maggots and flies.

Counter argument: Fresh air needed for spontaneous generation

Repeated the experiment cover the jars w/ gauze.
No maggots appeared in the gauzed-covered jars.

Front 19

John Needham

Back 19

Microorganisms arise by spontaneous generation.

Boiled chicken and corn broth - poured into flasks -- microorganisms appeared.

Front 20

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Back 20

Suggested that microbes probably entered Needham's solution after boiling.

Heated solution after sealing the flask. Prolonged heat 1 hour.

No microbes appeared.

Needham's reply: Too much heat destroyed the "vital force" of the nutrient fluid.

Opened the flask, and microorganisms grew.

Front 21

Spontaneous generation/abiogenesis

Back 21

Aristotle
Van Helmont
Francesco Redi
John Needham
Lazzaro Spallanzani

Front 22

Rudolf Virchow

Back 22

"Living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells"
Life comes from life.
Biogenesis

Front 23

Louis Pasteur

Back 23

"Swan-necked flask"
Microorganisms are present in the air
They can contaminate sterile solutions but air itself or nutrient fluids by themselves do not give rise to microbial life.
Fermentation studies: if yeast can cause changes in organic matter...perhaps microorganisms can cause disease.

Front 24

Germ theory of disease

Back 24

Infectious diseases are caused by living microorganisms

A specific organism causes a specific disease.

Front 25

Ignaz Semelweis

Back 25

Handwashing
Required personnel to wash their hands with CHLORIDE OF LIME.

Front 26

Joseph Lister

Back 26

Antiseptic.
Begin soaking dressings in carbolic acid (phenol). Dramatically reduced infection and death.

Front 27

Robert Koch

Back 27

First proof that bacteria cause disease.
Establish procedure for showing relation btwn a specific microbe and a specific disease.

Front 28

Koch Postulates

Back 28

1. Microbe must be identified in all affected animals and not in healthy animals.
2. Microbe must be isolated and grown in pure culture
3. The disease must be reproduced in experimental animals by these pure cultures.
4. The same microbe must then be recovered from the experimental animal.

Front 29

Edward Jenner
immunity

Back 29

Smallpox vaccination.
Noticed that patients who had recovered from cowpox/vaccinia didn't contract smallpox.

The protection from disease provided the vaccination is caled _________.

Front 30

Pasteur

Back 30

Rabies vaccine.

Front 31

Paul Ehrlich

Back 31

chemotherapy
"Magic bullet"
Could destroy a pathogen w/out harming the infected individual.
Discovery of Salvarsan (compound 606) An arsenic compound effective against syphilis.

Front 32

Garhard Domagk

Back 32

Prontosil First sulfa drug.

Front 33

Alexander Fleming

Back 33

Penicillin.