Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Local group
Environment |
fairly rich in resources
highly variable resources anthropogenic (manmade) changes to the environment sedentary except for pastoralists |
|
|
Local group
Population |
~ 30 person / sq. mile
|
|
|
Local group
Technology |
domestication of plants and animals
horticulturalists irrigation storage of surplus boats fallow farming slash-and-burn |
|
|
Local group
Soc Org of Prod |
household is basic unit of production
larger corporate kin groups patrilineal complimentary gender roles social circumscription |
|
|
Local group
Warfare and Territoriality |
raiding to acquire resources and land
warfare for defense of resources and land high rates of homicide; largely over women |
|
|
Local group
Political Integration |
create intergroup networks for allies
|
|
|
Local group
Stratification |
Big Men as influential leaders with achieved status
emergent stratification |
|
|
Local group
Sanctity |
to create allies between groups
shamanism ancestor worship → for clans and kin groups to recognize their solidarity |
|
|
Yanomamo
Environment |
The Amazon Basin: Brazil, Ecuador
rainforest intensive horticulture → overuse of land |
|
|
Yanomamo
Population |
Varies = 3-30 per sq. mile
|
|
|
Yanomamo
Technology |
Clubs
bow and arrow digging sticks horticulture techniques |
|
|
Yanomamo
Soc Org of Prod |
aggregate and break apart periodically
patrilineal teri farming |
|
|
Yanomamo
Warfare and Territoriality |
raiding
endemic internal warfare for land and revenge homicide frequently over women |
|
|
Yanomamo
Political Integration |
low
inter-familial cooperation in warfare teri = non-institutional clan-like organization |
|
|
Yanomamo
Stratification |
waiteri = fierce men who fly into rages
waiteri recruited to protect land tushaua = influential headman who leads teri |
|
|
Yanomamo
Sanctity |
solidification and alliance
solidarity |
|
|
The Eskimos
Environment |
The North Slope of Alaska
Wide range of animals for food in winter, can stay with other families and have higher odds of obtaining food that must be shared, or go off as nuclear family so they don’t have to share but have less chances of finding food |
|
|
The Eskimos
Population |
1 person per 20 sq miles with seasonal fluctuations
|
|
|
The Eskimos
Technology |
Caribou hides, antler, sinew, and bone for the making of tents and clothing.
Tareumiut have complicated technology for whale hunting: special boats, lances, lines, weirs, sea oil fuel, ice cellars for storage |
|
|
The Eskimos
Social org of production |
Family as basic unit of production
Nunamiut (inland): roam in individual families or extended family camps that often part ways often hunting individually Tareumiut (coastal): permanent winter villages of 200-300 dispersed along the coast |
|
|
The Eskimos
Warfare and territoriality |
Nunamiut:
organized inter-group aggression is nonexistent homicide occurs, largely over women family feuding occurs |
|
|
The Eskimos
Political integration |
establish extensive networks through exchange, reciprocity, and trade between coastal and inland groups
|
|
|
The Eskimos
Stratification |
Egalitarian w/ influential leaders w/ achieved status
practice spouse exchange of wives Umealiq are whaling expedition leaders who own the boats and has many responsibilities; expected to be generous to followers |
|
|
The Eskimos
Sanctity |
Messenger Fest → an umealiq who has a surplus of food invites the umealiq of other villages for a large feast and shows of competitive generosity
|
|
|
Tsembaga
Environment |
The highland fringe of central Papua New Guinea
steep mountain slopes limit intensification |
|
|
Tsembaga
Population |
35 people per sq. mile
endemic malaria limits population |
|
|
Tsembaga
Technology |
slash-and-burn agriculture
silviculture = cultivation of trees domesticated plants and animals (pigs!) |
|
|
Tsembaga
Social org of production |
lineages
exogamous clans household as basic unit of production gardening is shared by men and women pigs owned jointly by a couple - man and woman |
|
|
Tsembaga
Warfare and territoriality |
internal warfare (with neighbors) due to higher population density and competition for land
warfare regulated by the ritual cycle - every 10 to 15 years warfare frequently for revenge territory marked by natural features |
|
|
Tsembaga
Political integration |
organized into clans for asserting rights to land and local groups for defense
have ceremonially recognized truce times hierarchically nested groups that come together out of necessity |
|
|
Tsembaga
Stratification |
Big Men
4 main levels of organization: the domestic household the patrilineal household cluster the clan the local territorial group |
|
|
Tsembaga
Sanctity |
ceremonies unite groups together and build up alliances
kaiko ceremony for a man to achieve special prominence in his group |
|
|
The Turkana
Environment |
Kenya, eastern Rift Valley
mobile pastoralists highly unpredictable environment frequent moving to exploit resources for use by domesticated animals |
|
|
The Turkana
Population |
average = 3.3 people per sq. mile
|
|
|
The Turkana
Technology |
Dig river beds to catch water in the dry seasons
leather skins for sleeping mats, roofing, drying pans, shields, containers |
|
|
The Turkana
Social org of production |
women gather wild plants in the dry season, fetch water, and manufacture goods
young men herd older men stand in the shade talking exchange livestock to maintain social relations |
|
|
The Turkana
Warfare and territoriality |
raiding from neighbors is always a threat
raiding to replenish or increase one’s herd |
|
|
The Turkana
Political integration |
establish networks through livestock exchanges
homesteads are self-sufficient and autonomous tribal integration |
|
|
The Turkana
Stratification |
practice polygamy
women live away from husband and are visited by him men assign parts of the herd for their women and children to care for have hamlet-like groups of close friends and relatives groups cluster, as do men |
|
|
The Turkana
Sanctity |
Not discussed
|
|
|
NW Coast Indians
Environment |
rich in resources
coast is more productive than inland seasonal fish, game |
|
|
NW Coast Indians
Population |
1-2 people per sq. mile
larger villages along coast 200-300 people in villages |
|
|
NW Coast Indians
Technology |
woodworkers
permanent houses fish weirs sheds & cedar boxes for storage canoes smokehouses for preservation |
|
|
NW Coast Indians
Social Org of Production |
camps segregate in winter and live on stored food
5 levels: family, house group, lineage, village, supravillage women labor is central to the household’s economy |
|
|
NW Coast Indians
Warfare/territoriality |
intensive warfare and raiding
group owned resources → streams, berry patches, offshore islands |
|
|
NW Coast Indians
Political Integration |
corporate groups involved with ceremony, exchange, war, & economy
“intergroup collectivity” membership in clans is lineage based but fluid → non-kinsmen can buy into a group trade organized by Big Men |
|
|
NW Coast Indians
Stratification |
Big Men whose rank is reflected by his wealth
5 levels of organization: → family → house group → lineage → village → supravillage “intergroup collectivity” |
|
|
NW Coast Indians
Sanctity |
Potlatch to strengthen intergroup ties
|
|
|
Central (Mae) Enga
Environment |
Highland of Papua New Guinea
highly mountainous lowlands uninhabitable central cleared for agriculture sweet potatoes rely on pigs |
|
|
Central (Mae) Enga
Population |
85-250 people per sq. mile
45-145 people in villages |
|
|
Central (Mae) Enga
Technology |
Simple and personal
Women → digging sticks & carrying bag Men → stone axes |
|
|
Central (Mae) Enga
Social Org of Production |
aggregate in summer when there is abundance
|
|
|
Central (Mae) Enga
Warfare and Territoriality |
consistent threat of warfare
clan group owned territories → ceremonial land subclan owns a piece of this larger territory |
|
|
Central (Mae) Enga
Political Integration |
politically autonomous corporate groups
exchange pigs to create alliances → regulated by Big Man |
|
|
Central (Mae) Enga
Stratification |
wives do most of work, so polygamy gives men wealth
4 levels of organization → household → clan segment → clan w/ Big Man → “intergroup collectivity” |
|
|
Central (Mae) Enga
Sanctity |
Big Man creates alliances through things such as the tee exchange
|
|
|
Kirghiz
Environment |
Afghanistan
agriculture impossible due to elevation nomadic pastoralists arid |
|
|
Kirghiz
Population |
1 person per sq. mile
5.5 people per household 2+ households per camp |
|
|
Kirghiz
Technology |
New Irrigation methods from being closed out of Soviet and Chinese lands
Sturdier houses - intensification Making of cheese and yogurt |
|
|
Kirghiz
Social Org of Production |
winter → small family groups
summer → 2+ households in camp patrilineages endogamous |
|
|
Kirghiz
Warfare/territoriality |
no intergroup raiding
threat from outside Khan owns land corporate kin groups have claimed land due to the border closing |
|
|
Kirghiz
Political Integration |
Khan controls larger camps & pastures
Khan controls external trade Khan acts as a spokesperson to urban Afghan population |
|
|
Kirghiz
Stratification |
loose cooperative ceremonial units
corporate kin groups elite of wealthy households own economic means of existence |
|
|
Kirghiz
Sanctity |
loose cooperative ceremonial units
|
