2. Key Approaches To Cp

Front 1

What are the two questions that policy makers and practitioners must confront?

Back 1

What are the underlying causes of offending? Which of these causes are most relevant to the crime or crimes currently being addressed?

Front 2

Crime prevention is linked tobroader discourses about the nature of society and preferred approaches to social control.

Back 2

True.

Front 3

What is crime prevention based upon?

Back 3

An understanding of why crime occurs.

Front 4

Ineffective crime prevention programs work at symbolic, political and instrumental levels

Back 4

False.

Front 5

What is the what works paradigm?

Back 5

What works paradigm has been described as a technicist perspective. Identifieseffective methods of crime reduction through empirical analysis. Understands crime prevention in purely instrumental terms. Ensures effectivemethods guide policy and practice.

Front 6

What are criticisms of sociologically based theories?

Back 6

Require fundamental social transformations that are seen as impossible for governments to achieve,unrealistic and costly, whose promised pay-offs are uncertain.

Front 7

Approaches that claim to be guidedby evidence-based principles and best practice models include situational prevention and targeted interventions which draw on detailed research ondevelopmental pathways that lead to delinquency.

Back 7

True.

Front 8

What do critical criminologists argue?

Back 8

That modified attempts to make criminology a policy relevant science aremisconceived. They see the applied focus as diminishing the discipline;depriving it of the capacity to locate mere administrative criminology, subservient to the dictates of government. Prevention policies need to be located inthe context of broader economic and political forces reshaping late modernsocities.

Front 9

What do governmentally theorists view?

Back 9

That underlying changes are more relevant to an understanding of the nature, causes and likely effects of contemporary crime prevention than are declaredobjectives in policy documents and ministerial statements.

Front 10

What do (Crawford, Garland, Phoenix and Kelly) contend?

Back 10

That CP should be understood as part of a responsibilitation strategy aimed at ensuring that individuals and communities accept more of the burden of dealing withsafety and security problems.

Front 11

The resurgence of CP policy sincelate 20th C has been driven by a neo-liberal government agenda inwhich the state recognises it no longer has the capacity to provide full crime control and private citizens, commercial firms etc are drawn together in thecontext of governments exhortations (Garland; Hughes; Koch).

Back 11

True.

Front 12

What did (Garland; Hughes; Pavlich) find?

Back 12

Key function of crime prevention strategies and programs is to helpdismantle the notion that the central state is primary insurer against therisks of criminal victimisation etc. and to encourage and instruct citizens and organisations at the grassroots on the use of situational and other techniques.

Front 13

Governmentality theoriests arguethat resurgence of interest in crime prevention also should be seen a part andparcel of managerialist reforms of the public sector.

Back 13

True.

Front 14

‘Whole of government’ approaches require input from a range of agencies i.e. education,police, urban planning located at different levels of government i.e. regionaland central

Back 14

True.

Front 15

Does the Critical perspective bring back the welfare/state agenda of the 1970's/80's?

Back 15

No. It is a shift awayfrom the ‘welfare of the state’/neo-liberal agenda/government that dominated during the 1970/80s to an individualistic perspective.

Front 16

What does the critical perspective argue?

Back 16

That citizens and business are responsible for preventing crime against themselvesi.e. CCTV in businesses.

Front 17

What are the 3 factors in Felson's Crime Triangle that explain the opportune time an offence will occur?

Back 17

1. Motivated Offender – Someone who wants to steal a laptop

2. Suitable Target – Someone who left their laptop bag unattended

3. Absence of a Capable Guardian – No CCTV and/or no persons watching

Front 18

What are some arguments for Felson's crime triangle?

Back 18

Usefulas it highlights the limitations of traditional CJS policies, changing human nature is an uncertain and expensive behaviour

Front 19

What are some criticisms of Felson's crime triangle?

Back 19

Feminists argue that some crimesi.e. domestic violence require a societal obligation to make offenders changetheir behaviours rather than accepting the offenders as unchangeable. There is also too much of a preventative burden on potential targets.

Front 20

When was Felson's crime triangle formed?

Back 20

1995 and 2002.

Front 21

What does Routine activity theory contend?

Back 21

That crime is the result of 3 factors, motivated offender, target and an absence of a capable guardian. Targets can include animate and inanimate objects. Capable guardians include both humans and security devices and formal and informal social control.

Front 22

What are the elements of Eck's crime triangle?

Back 22

Handlers: Anyone who can regulate, supervise and affect somerestraint over the actions of a potential offender. Managers: Persons responsible for overseeing behaviour in particularenvironments and securing them from crime and harm-concierge, bar staff,property managers, private sec. Guardians: Any person or technology assigned or used to look after specific potential targets

Front 23

What does Eck's crime triangle theorise?

Back 23

Emphasises theinfluence of broader social institutions in influencing offending behaviour andtarget vulnerability – results inincreased long term benefits· Crime problemsarise when offenders and targets come together in context where key‘controllers’ fail to act to prevent crime, or where their capacity to assertcontrol is restricted

Front 24

What year was Eck's triangle from?

Back 24

2003

Front 25

A Handler is those employed who can prevent offending or protect victims?

Back 25

False that is a Manager.

Front 26

Guardians usually own the property or are family friends, police or security or provide surveillance and protection?

Back 26

True.

Front 27

Who formed Routine activity thesis?

Back 27

Marcus Felson.

Front 28

Who is the pioneer is situational crime prevention?

Back 28

Ron Clarke.

Front 29

Which group has strongly criticised Felson's crime triangle?

Back 29

Feminist criminologists (Hollis-peel).

Front 30

Did Eck make his own model or modify the work of Felson?

Back 30

Modified the work of Felson.

Front 31

What are the three dominant categories of crime prevention?

Back 31

Primary, secondary and tertiary.

Front 32

What does primary crime prevention focus on?

Back 32

Environmental factors, ELIMINATINGinfluences that allow criminal/antisocial behaviour to occur. Focuses on modifying physicalaspects and societal factors that provide opportunities for crime.

Front 33

What does secondary prevention focus on?

Back 33

The social aspects, intervening for at risk people that are likely to engage in anti-social criminal behaviour. Focuses on knownfactors that lead to criminality i.e. low socioeconomic background, mentalillness, drugs, alcohol and poor educationFocuses on early or ‘formative’ stages of life

Front 34

What does tertiary crime prevention focus on?

Back 34

Focuses on ALTERINGthe paths of offenders to prevent reoffending· Heavily focuses onthe criminal justice system (CJS) i.e. arrest and incarceration

Front 35

What is situational crime prevention?

Back 35

Focuses onpreventing crime by reducing opportunities associated with committing crime. Based onrationality and a cost/benefit analysis and theassumption that crime is resultant of opportunity. Focuses onevidence-based principles and alteringphysical environments to reduce occurrence/deter crime.

Front 36

What are examples of CPTED (crime prevention through environmental design)?

Back 36

Security tags on clothing, Security screening at airports,ID check in Nightclubs

Front 37

What is developmental crime prevention?

Back 37

Individualisticapproach to CP i.e. reducing criminal potential within individuals. Life is a series oftransitions where intervention is deemed most effective. Aims to reduce riskfactors and increase/strengthen protective factors. Focuses on socialand individual factors that impact on one’s development.

Front 38

What is community crime prevention?

Back 38

Interventionsdesigned to change the social conditions that influence offending/victimisation· Communities can begeographical. Uses bothsituational and developmental approaches to crime prevention

Front 39

What are examples of community crime prevention?

Back 39

Neighbourhood Watch, Community Policing, Community Patrols

Front 40

What is criminal justice crime prevention?

Back 40

Interventionsassociated with the CJS i.e. police, courts and correctional systemsBased on assumptions of deterrence,rehabilitation and incapacitation

Front 41

Who warns against trying to force all prevention approaches into a singleunproblematic classification scheme.

Back 41

Hughes.

Front 42

Criminological classificationdivides prevention into two broad approaches, social and environmental.

Back 42

True.

Front 43

What is micro prevention?

Back 43

It is a narrow focus on interventions. Targetsindividuals, small groups, small business or small areas (site specific).

Front 44

Who developed the categories of micro, mess and macro prevention?

Back 44

Hunter, 2010.

Front 45

What is mess prevention?

Back 45

Targets largercommunities or groups of people (village or town, chain of stores)

Front 46

What is macro prevention?

Back 46

Targets largecommunities or society as a whole and involves large scale social change(legislation change, awareness campaigns)

Front 47

What is victim oriented?

Back 47

Targeting victimisationo For example: Cyber bullying programs to help individualsidentify what is cyber bullying and how to reduce their risk of victimisation;Daniel Morcombe campaign

Front 48

What is community oriented?

Back 48

Approaches that assist society as a whole in preventingcrime

Front 49

What is offender oriented?

Back 49

Programs that focus on eliminating individual propensitiesto commit crime

Front 50

Who developed crime science?

Back 50

Laycock 2005

Front 51

What led to the rising popularity of crime science?

Back 51

Shows like CSI

Front 52

What does crime science focus on?

Back 52

Application of the methods of science to crime anddisorder. Less interested in sociological understanding of crime. More interested in developing successful crimeprevention methods. Examines offenderbehaviour, controlling the environment, development of security devices andother relevant factors in crime control.

Front 53

What are the elements of the SARA model?

Back 53

Scanning, Analysis Response and Assessment.

Front 54

What does the scanning process focus on?

Back 54

What is the problem and what is the crime? Are there statistics?

Front 55

What does Analysis focus on?

Back 55

How big is the problem? Who is involved?

Front 56

Response looks at what can be done about the problem and implementing a prevention program.

Back 56

True.

Front 57

Assessment does not look at what happened with the response and whether it worked?

Back 57

False.

Front 58

Where is SARA model commonly used?

Back 58

Many policing organisations.

Front 59

What does the problem solving process include?

Back 59

Steps of:

Routine scanning and analysis of problems

Devising strategies to address problems

Implementing attempted solutions to problems

Monitoring of strategy and crime problem, evolution of effectiveness.

Front 60

What does the 5I's model (Ekblom, 2010) include?

Back 60

Intelligence, intervention, implementation, involvement and impact.

Front 61

What does intelligence entail?

Back 61

Gatheringand analysing information on crime and disorder problems and theirconsequences, diagnosing the causes of crime and identify any existing risk orprotective factors associated with criminality.

Front 62

What is intervention?

Back 62

Considering the full range of techniques that could be applied to blocking disrupting orweakening those causes (Clarke and Eck)

Front 63

What is implementation?

Back 63

Convertingthe intervention principles into practical methods that are: customised for thelocation problem and context, targeted on offenders, victims, buildings, placesand products on an individual or collective basis, planned, managed, organisedand steered by relevant stakeholders, monitored with documentation, assessedfor ethical considerations.

Front 64

What is involvement?

Back 64

Mobilising agencies, companies andindividuals to play their part in implementing the intervention or acting inpartnership. Roles and responsibilities need to be specified and methods foundto alert, motivate, empower or direct responsible stakeholders.

Front 65

Who devised the SARA model?

Back 65

Eck and Spelman