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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pericardium
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Sac that protects and lubricates the heart.
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Septum
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Wall that divides heart.
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Atrioventricular Valves
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Separate chambers of heart. Connected to myocardium by collagen strands. Tendineae prevent valves from opening backwards, preventing backflow.
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Semilunar Valves
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Valves located where blood leaves heart. Tendineae prevent valves from opening backwards, preventing backflow.
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Systole
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Contraction phase when myocardium contract, high number in blood pressure measurement.
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Diastole
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Relaxing phase of myocardium, low number in blood pressure measurement.
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Myocardium
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Heart muscles.
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Tricuspid Valve
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Right AV valve.
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Mitral Valve
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Left AV valve.
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Cardiac Cycle
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Atria contract, pressure rises in ventricles.
Ventricles contract, "lub" sound, blood pumped to pulmonary artery and aorta. Semilunar valves shut, "dub" sound. Ventricles relax, atria fill with blood. |
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Cardiac Output
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Amount of blood each ventricle pumps per minute.
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Intercalated Disks
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Make myocardium contract as a single unit.
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Cardiac Conduction System
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Sinoatrial (SA) node
Atrioventricular (AV) node Purkinje fibers |
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Sinoatrial (SA) node
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Pacemaker, stimulates myocardial contractions.
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Atrioventricular (AV) node
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Located in septum, between atria. Picks up impulse from SA node, slows down impulse so atria can finish contracting.
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Purkinje fibers
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Carry impulse from AV node and stimulate contraction.
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P-Wave
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Wave generated by impulse from SA node.
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QRS-Wave
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Wave generated when impulse flows over ventricles.
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T-Wave
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Brief wave made when ventricles relax.
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Blood Vessels (5)
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Arteries
Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins |
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Arteries
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Endothelium wrapped in alternating bands of smooth muscle and elastic tissue.
Large lumen. Deliver oxygenated blood away from heart. Blood pressure taken from arteries. Pressure drops with distance from heart. |
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Lumen
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Opening in blood vessel.
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Arterioles
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Branches off of arteries.
Lumen adjusts to regulate local blood flow. Endothelium wrapped in smooth muscle rings over elastic tissue. |
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Vasoconstriction
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Lumen diameter decreases, occurs when blood is sent to vital organs.
Can be caused by nicotine, caffeine, marijuana. |
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Vasodilation
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Lumen diameter increases, caused by infection, irritation (reddened skin), emotion (blushing).
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Baroreceptor reflex
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Coordinates lumen diameter with rate/strength of heart beats, controlling blood pressure to a certain extent.
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Capillaries
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Single layer of endothelium. Ends at capillary beds. Precapillary sphincters regulate blood flow.
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Capillary beds
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Exchange sites between blood and interstitial fluid (fluid between cells).
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Precapillary sphincters
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Strands of smooth muscle that wrap around capillaries and regulate blood flow.
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Venules
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Carries deoxygenated blood from capillary beds.
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Veins
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Store blood, bulge under pressure, contains valves that prevent backflow.
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Ways blood gets back to the heart:
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Smooth muscles of vein contract, valves prevent backflow.
Skeletal muscles contract with our normal movement. |
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Erythrocytes
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Red blood cells. Cells lack nucleus, contain hemoglobin, a red pigment.
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Granular Leukocytes
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White blood cells. Visible granules.
Neutrophils: most abundant white blood cells. First responders to bacterial infection. Many-lobed nucleus. |
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Agranular Leukocytes
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White blood cells. No granules, generally no lobes.
Monocytes: rare leukocytes. Defend body against invasion. U or kidney shaped nucleus. Lymphocytes: 2nd most abundant white blood cell. Rounded or indented nucleus. Part of immune response, producing antibodies and toxins that kill microbes. |
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Platelets (thrombocytes)
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Made from fragments of large cells in bone marrow. Clots blood by clumping together and releasing a protein that causes fibrin threads to plug damaged vessel.
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Blood types
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A--A surface antigens, anti-B antibodies
B--B surface antigens, anti-A antibodies AB--A and B surface antigens, no anti-A or anti-B antibodies O--No A or B surface antigens, both anti-A and anti-B antibodies. |
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Hypotension Systolic BP
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<95
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Normal Systolic BP
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95-120
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Stage 1 Hypertension BP
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120-139
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Stage 2 Hypertension BP
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>159
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