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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What type of epithelium lines
-The nose -The pharynx |
Nose: Schneiderian
Pharynx: squamous cell epithelium |
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What is Schneiderian epithelium?
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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with some goblet cells
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What causes infectious rhinitis?
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-Common cold viruses
-2ndary bacterial infections |
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What is Allergic rhinitis?
What is seen in it? |
A type 1 HSN reaction to allergens - see eosinophils
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What happens when there is ongoing inflammation of the nasal mucosa?
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Polyps form
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What are 3 things that can happen when there is Chronic rhinitis?
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-Deviated septum
-Polyps -Extension to the sinuses |
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What is the most severe form of sinusitis? What patients get it?
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-Mucormycosis (from a fungus)
-Immunocompromised patients |
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So what is a nasal polyp by definition?
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A protrusion of the mucosa
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Why do you have to look at the histology of nasal polyps?
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To see if there is any malignancy within the stroma
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What are the 2 broad categories of nasal and paranasal sinus tumors?
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-Benign
-Malignant |
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What are benign nasal tumors called?
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Papillomas (and some others)
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What are nasal papillomas really called?
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Schneiderian papillomas
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What are the 3 types of Schneiderian papillomas?
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1. Fungiform - nasal septum
2. Inverted - lateral nasal wall 3. Cylindrical cell - Lateral |
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What does a Fungiform Schneiderian papilloma look like?
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A protrusion from the nasal septum
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Which form of Schneiderian papilloma can become malignant?
Why else are these bad? |
Inverted papillomas; they also have a 60% recurrence rate
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In what sex are Nasopharyngeal angiofibromas more predominant?
Where are they commonly found? |
Males
-In the roof of the nose |
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Why are Nasopharyngeal angiofibromas concerning?
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Because they can erode into the nasal wall, extend into the cranial cavity, and hemorrhage.
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What is the mortality rate associated with Nasopharyngeal angiofibromas?
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9%
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Are nasopharyngeal angiofibromas benign or malignant? Why do they cause death?
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Benign - they can't be removed when they erode into the cranial cavity
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What is an Olfactory Neuroblastoma?
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A MALIGNANT neoplasm of neuroectoderm derived from olfactory epithelium
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What is the shape of the lesions that grow in Olfacotry neuroblastomas? Where are they located?
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-Dumbbell shaped
-On either side of the cribiform plate |
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What is the hallmark histologic feature seen in Olfactory neuroblastomas?
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Homer-Wright pseudorosettes
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Why are they called pseudorosettes?
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Because there is no empty space lumen
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What patient population is commonly seen with olfactory neuroblastomas?
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<5 years old
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What do Nasopharyngeal carcinomas arise from?
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The lining epithelium of LYMPHOID-TISSUE RICH nasopharynx
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What is the lymphoid-tissue rich nasopharyngeal epithelium called?
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Waldeyer's ring
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In what patients are nasopharyngeal carcinomas most commonly seen?
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40-60 yr olds
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What is Nasopharyngeal carcinoma essentially? What is it associated with?
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-Squamous cell carcinoma
-Associated with EBV |
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What is the most common type of cancer in the LARYNX?
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SCC there too..
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What are the most common non-neoplastic lesions to be found in the larynx?
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Reactive nodules and polyps
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Where are reactive vocal cord NODULES most often seen?
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-Bilaterally on opposing surfaces
-Middle third of the vocal cord |
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Where are vocal cord polyps most often found?
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In the ventricular or Reinke's space; usually single
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What causes reactive vocal cord nodules and polyps?
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Vocal abuse
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What are the 2 entities that compose 85% of benign laryngeal tuors?
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-Squamous papilloma
-Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis |
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What are these benign tumors in the larynx caused by?
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HPV types 6 and 11
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What patients commonly get recurrent respiratory papillomatosis?
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Children
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What can squamous papillomas in the larynx do?
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Transform into malignancy
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What is the MOST COMMON MALIGNANCY in the head and neck?
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SCC of the larynx!
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What sex and risk factors are highest in laryngeal SCC?
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-Men
-Alcohol/tobacco users |
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What is the overall 5-yr survival rate for laryngeal SCC
-T1 lesions -T4 lesions |
T1 = 90% survival
T4 = <50% survival |
