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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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scaffolding
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a form of social interaction that promotes the transfer of cognitive processes to children
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assisted discovery
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teacher's guide child's learning
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peer collaboration
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teachers group together classmates of differing abilities and encourage them to learn and help one another
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fast-mapping
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connect a new word w/ a concept after only a brief encounter
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cognitive inhibition
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the ability to control internal and external distracting stimuli
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recast
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recontructing inaccurate speench into correct speech
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expansions
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elaborating on children's speech and increasiings its complexity
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private speech?
person? Theory? |
self-directed speeech that children use to plan and guide their own behvior
--social-cultural theory of early childhood |
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metacognition
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- thinking about thought
- awareness of mental activites |
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overregularizations
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applications to regular grammatical rules to which there are exceptions
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scripts
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general descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a specific situation or event. a general means to which children generalize their everyday experinces.
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child-centered child care schools
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school in which most of the day is devoted to play and the teacher provides a wide array of activities from which the children selects themselves
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progmatics
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the practicial and social side of language concerned how to engage in effective and appropriate communications with others
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preoperational stage
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2nd stage, rapid growth in representation, not yet logical, ages b/w 2-7 years old
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memory strategies
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deliberate memory activites that improve the likihood of remembering
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conservation
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being able to understand that certain physical characteristics remain the same even when the outward appearance changes
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sociodramatic play
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shows an increase in complexity of schemes, the make-believe-play that first appears around the age of 2.5 yrs. old and increases rapidly until about 4/5 yrs. old
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egocentrism
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inabity to distinguish the symbolic viewpoints of others from one's own
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sympathy
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feelins of sorrow or concern for another's plight
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self-concept
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the sum total attributes, abilties, attitudes, and values that an individual believes defines who he/she is
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self-esteem
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an aspect of self-concept that involves judgements about one's own worth and the feelings associated with those judgements.
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anorexia nervosa
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an eating disorder in which individuals starve themselves because of a compulsive fear of getting fat
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adolescence
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the transition b/w childhood and adulthood. begins with puberty and involves accepting one's full-grown body, acquiring adult ways of thinking, attaining emotional and economic independence, developing more mature ways of relating to peers of both sexes, and constructing an identity
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associative play
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a form of true social participation in which children are engaged in sepertate activities, but they interact by exchanging toys and comment on one another's behavior
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bulimia nervosa
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an eating disorder in which individuals engage in strict dieting and excessive exercise accompanied by binge eating, often followed by deliberate vomiting and purging with laxatives
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constructive play?
age? |
creating or constructing something
- 3-6 yrs oldd |
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functional play?
age? |
simple, repetitive motor movements, with or without objects
- 0-2 yrs old |
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make-believe play?
age? |
acting out everyday and imaginative roles, less self-centered, more detached from real-life situations
- 2-6 yrs old |
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non-social play
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-unoccupied, onlooker behavior
- solitary play |
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parallel play
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plays near other children with similar toys, but does not try to influence them
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social interactions
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associative play and cooperative play
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three types of peer sociability?
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1. non-social activity
2. social interations(associatice and cooperative play) 3. parellel play |
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3 types of cognitive play categories?
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1. functional play
2. contructive play 3. make-believe play |
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2 things that can be done to support language development?
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1. expansions
2. recasts |
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factors contributing to individual differnence in early childhood development?
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1. home environment
2. tv =education television- about 1.5-2.5 hrs/day 3. quality of child-care |
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language development involves what aspencts?
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grammar= overregularization, conversation= pragmatics,vocabulary= fast-mapping/2 yrs old know about 200 words and by 6 yrs old they know about 10,000 words
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factors that enhance sociodramatic play?
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[CLLAIMS]+ strenthened mental abitity
creativity, language + literacy, logicial reasoning, attention, imagination, memory, and self-reflecton and perspective taking |
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limitaions of thought
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= poor mental processing abilities
1, egocentrism 2, animistic thinking 3, conservation |
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limitions of conversations
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1, centration
2, irreversibility |
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advances in piaget's theory?
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[SAD]
-sensibility to a child's readiness to learn -acceptance to individual differences in children - discovery learning |
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traits of Vygotsky's Social cultural theory and early childhood develpment?
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-private speech
child becomes more silent, enhance self-guidance, highier cognitive processes -planning, problem-solving, attention, memorization --zone of proximial development= peer collaboration and assisted discovery, scaffolding enhances learning |
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list some improvements in information processing?
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attention, memory= memory strategies and scripts,theory of mind=metacogniton, emerging literacy, mathematical reasoning
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how piaget's theory might be inaccurate?
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[ilace]
centration lack of conservatin animistic thinking irreversibility egocentrism |
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Erikson's theory?
explain? |
-intiative versus guilt
-intiative= eagerness to try new tasks, join activites with peers, play permits trying new skills, act out highly visible occupations -guilty= overly strict superego or conscience, causing too much guilt-related to excessive threats, critism, punishment, from adults |
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playing house, school, or police officer are (eg)s of this type of play?
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make-believe play
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running around a room, rolling a car back and forth, and kneading clay with no intent to make anything is a eg(s) of this type of play
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functional play
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making a house out of toy blocks and drawing a picture is an eg of this type of play?
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constructive play
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distinguish b/w self-esteem and self-concept?
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-self-esteem- affects initiative, judgements we make about our own worth, emotional emphasis, includes global appraisal
---self-concepts= includes attributes, abilities, possessions, attitudes and values behavior, appearance, asserting rights to objects helps define boundary to self |
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prosocial behvavioral
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actions that benifit another person without any expected reward for the self
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list the aspects of emotional development in early childhood
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1. increase ability to understand other's emotions
2. emotional self-regulation 3. more self-conscious emotions(shame, guilty) as self-concept develops 4. empathy, sympathy, and prosocial behavior increase |
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associative play
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children engage in seperate activities but they exchange toys and comment on one another's behavior
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cooperative play
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a more advanced type of interaction in which children orient toward a common goal such as bulding a sand castle
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a special type of discipline that helps the child notice feelings by pointing out the effects of the child's misbehavior on others.
--> Eg; Parent says, "if u keep pushing him he'll fall down and cry" or "she feels sad because you won't give back her doll" |
induction
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four types of perspective of moral development?
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1. Psychoanalytic perspective
2. Social Learning 3. Behaviorist 4. Cognitive-Development |
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explain the social learning theory of moral development?
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theory concerning moral development that regards reinforcement and modeling as the basis for moral action.
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explain the behaviorist perspective of moral development?
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theory concernign moral development that uses rewards and punishment
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explain the cognitive-developmental perspective of moral development?
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theory concerning moral development that says that children are active thinkers about social rules
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explain the psychoanalytic theory?
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Freud's idea about superego and guilt that puts emphasis on induction, and empathy-based guilt
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traits of good models of moral behvior?
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- warm and sensitive
- competence and power - consistency b/w words and behavior |
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when is effectiveness of punishment incresed?
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when the following are present in punishment:
1. consistency 2. warmth and responsiveness 3. explanations |
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name some alternatives to punishment?
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1. time out
2. withdrawing privileges 3. positve discipline |
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Factors related to malnutrition?
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1. parent traits
2. child traits 3. familty traits 4. community 5. culture |
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achievements in concrete operational
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1. classification
2. conservation 3. spatial reasoning 4. seriation |
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attention in middle childhood becomes: (3)
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selective, adaptable, planful
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development of memory strategies?
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-both during eary grade school = rehearsal and organizaton
-during end of middle childhood = elaboration |
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Reading and Math during middle childhood?
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I. reading
-whole-language approach -basic skills approach II. Math -drills -number sense |
