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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Behavior is a product of these |
Evolution/Genes Experience Perception of current situation |
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Darwin's Theory of Evolution |
• increased survival or reproduction passed on Ex: increases access to food to avoid predation helps your children survive |
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Evolutionary psychology |
The study of human behavior. focus on causes that lead to evolution of behavior |
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Evolution of the brain (bigger) |
bigger = smarter? •Both elephants and whales have brains larger than humans Largerbrains are made of larger numbers of larger neurons, with ever increasing glia/neuron ratios Larger brains generally smaller neuronal density
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Evolution of the brain (folds) |
More folds = smarter? tends to be true more folds = more neocortex = better memory Humans no largest brain. Humans greatest neuronal density Perhaps greatest information processing capactiy Highly specialized structures in the human prefrontal cortex may play big role |
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Promiscuity |
Neither parents invest in child |
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Polygyny |
Female invests in child •Female ook for fit male •Male try get many females |
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Monogamy |
Female and male invest in child •Morefit children if female gets undivided help •Effectiveif female doesn’t copulate until male has made a time investment in her •Maleselects fertile female •Femaleselects protector and provider |
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Human mating Behavior |
Fertility -> males value youth + beauty Females value power and earning capacity More beauty -> better earning female try more beauty male try more money |
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Mendelian Genetics |
Studied using pea plants
- Dichotomous traits - What happens if you cross true breeding lines -- True breeding lines- interbred member always producing off spring of same trait |
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Dichotomous traits |
Traits that occur in one form or another |
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Mendelian Genetics Generation 1 |
–Crosstwo purebreds with two different traits–-- All off spring have brown seeds |
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Mendelian genetics generation 2 |
–Crosstwo offspring from first cross –Onein four show white seeds
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Mendel Conclusion |
–Thereare two “hereditary factors” that control each dichotomous trait •Alleles – alternative forms of a gene –Foreach trait, each organism randomly inherits one allele from each parent •Genotype – genetic makeup, e.g. BB, ww, Bw–Homozygous – two identical alleles; BB or ww–Heterozygous – twodifferent alleles, Bw–Oneof the two alleles is dominant •Phenotype: characteristic that gets expressed;e.g. Brown or white seeds |
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Alleles |
alternativeforms of a gene |
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Genotype |
•geneticmakeup, e.g. BB, ww, Bw |
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Homozygous |
–twoidentical alleles; BB or ww |
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Heterozygous |
–twodifferent alleles, Bw |
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Phenotype |
characteristicthat gets expressed; e.g. Brown or white seeds |
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Chrmosome |
•A linear or circular strand composed of DNA that contains genes |
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Gene |
•Thefundamental unit of heredity; a specific segment of DNA within a chromosome |
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DNA |
•Deoxyribonucleic acid; the molecule that carries genetic information |
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Four Nucleotide bases |
–Adenine - Thymine –Guanine - Cytosine |
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DNA initiates |
Transcription |
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Transcription |
–the process by which the DNA makes a template of the protein it needs by making a strand of mRNA (messenger RNA).
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mRNA |
messenger RNA |
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•mRNA leaves the nucleus and begins the translation process |
Translation - –theprocess by which the mRNA to assemble (“sequence”) the correct amino acids tomake the protein. |
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mRNA attaches itself to the cell's ribosome. |
•Ribosomes read the information in this RNA and use it to create proteins. |
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Epigenetics |
study of stable alternation in gene expression that arise during development and cell proliferation –Epigenetic processes do not change information contained within the genetic materialitself, but modulate gene expression. |
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Structural genes |
genesthat contain info necessary for the synthesis of protein |
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Enhancers |
•stretches of DNA whose function is to enhance gene expression when it is bound withcertain proteins –bind to regions of DNA that are thousands of base pairs away from the gene theycontrol. Binding increases the rate of transcription of the gene |
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Transcription Factors |
•proteincomplexes that bind to DNA and control the rate at which genes are expressed bycontrolling the rate at which a gene is transcribed |
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Methylation |
•whena methyl group attaches to the DNA molecule attaches to cytosine site block transcription factors |
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Histone remodeling |
•occurs when histones change their shape |
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Histones- |
Proteins around which DNA is coiled Can increase or decrease genetic expression |
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RNA editing |
SmallRNA molecules and other proteins have been shown to cleave mRNA apart atprecise points and sometimes splice sections of new RNA to create a newsequence of bases |
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Meaney |
Background: Goodrat moms” will make nursing easier for pups and will lick pups a lot. Their pups grow up to be “good moms”too. “Bad moms” will not make nursingeasy for pups and will not lick pups a lot. Their pups grow up to be “badmoms.” –Purpose of experiment: Arethe types of pups the mom produce due to genes or environment? –Method: Crossfostering -Let “good moms” raise pups born of “bad moms.” Let “bad moms” raise pups born of “good moms.” –Results: •Pupsraised by “good moms” grow up to be “good moms.” Pups raised by “bad moms” grow up to be “badmoms.” •Pupsraised by good moms show high methylation of DNA and pups raised by bad momsshow low methylation of DNA. –Conclusion: Rats behavior are a product of BOTH theirexperience and their biology. Thesearen’t separable. |
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Impact of Epigenetics |
Epigenetic changes can be induced by expriences. EX: Neuralactivity, hormonal states, changes to the environment - Epigenetic changes can last lifetime - It can be passed to next generation |
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Identical twins |
Epigenetically similar when young but differences accumulate with age |
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Disease-dicordant monozygotic twin |
provide clues to the genetic influence of disease |
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Good lukc |
on test |
